Impacts of Climate Change Impacts of Climate Change Observed Observed � Sea level is rising & Sea-surface � Glaciers and permafrost are melting temperatures are warming � Arctic sea ice is melting � Hurricanes have changed in frequency Hurricanes have changed in frequency � Seawater is becoming more acidic. � Seawater is becoming more acidic and strength. � Heavier rainfall cause flooding in � Heat waves more frequent. many regions � Warmer temperatures affect human � Extreme drought is increasing health � EKosYsTemS are changing Sea level is rising . Climate change defined � During the 20th century, sea level rose Climate change is any long-term about 15 cm (6 inches) due to melting significant change in the “average glacier ice and expansion of warmer glacier ice and expansion of warmer weather” that a given region weather that a given region Some evident Some evident experiences. Average weather may seawater. Models predict that sea level include average temperature, may rise as much as 59 cm (23 inches) precipitation and wind patterns. Of during the 21st Century, threatening Climate Change coastal communities, wetlands, and coral reefs. Arctic sea ice is melting . Sea-surface temperatures are Rise in sea level warming . � Many residents of low lying nations Warmer waters in the shallow oceans already had to evacuate their homes have contributed to the death of about a because of rising seas because of rising seas The summer thickness of sea ice is about half The summer thickness of sea ice is about half quarter of the world's coral reefs in the t f th ld' l f i th of what it was in 1950. Melting ice may lead to last few decades. Many of the coral changes in ocean circulation. Melting ice animals died after weakened by coral � The maps of the world will have to be speeds up warming of the Arctic because bleaching, a process tied directly to redrawn water absorbs more heat than ice. warmed waters.
Heavier rainfall cause Seawater is becoming more acidic. Extreme drought drought is increasing . flooding in many regions. � Higher temperatures cause a higher rate Warmer temperatures have led to more � Carbon dioxide dissolving into the oceans, is of evaporation and more drought in some making seawater more acidic. There could be intense rainfall events in some areas. This impacts on coral reefs and other marine life. l f d h l f areas of the world. Areas that are f th ld A th t can cause flooding. currently prone to drought are expected to become even drier over the next century. � Hurricanes have changed in Heat waves more frequent. � Ecosystems are changing . duration, intensity & frequency. There is evidence that the number of intense As temperatures warm, species may either It is likely that heat waves have become more hurricanes has increased in the Atlantic since migrate to a cooler, more suitable habitat or die. common in more areas of the world. 1970. This may also be true for tropical cyclones y p y Species that are particularly vulnerable include Species that are particularly vulnerable include in other parts of the world. Scientists continue to endangered species, coral reefs, and polar study whether climate is the cause. Scientific studies are conforming that warmer water in the animals. Warming has also caused changes in the top layer of he ocean can drive more convection timing of spring events and the length of the energy to fuel more powerful hurricanes. growing season. Warmer temperatures affect human health. Increase in diseases � Vectors like algae, mosquitoes, ticks, or other There has been an increase in heat-related germ carrying life forms have started to show Now let’s discuss the deaths, some changes in the ranges of animals up in new areas and cover a wider range. that carry disease like mosquitoes and an that carry disease like mosquitoes, and an cause of these changes f th h � Increased warmth have caused them to increase in the length of the pollen season. migrate to higher altitudes. � Some 30 so-called new diseases have emerged over the last 20-30 years. And some old diseases that had been under control are now surging again
On Earth, the major greenhouse gases are Scientists around the world agree � Water vapor, which causes about 36–70 percent of It is the greenhouse effect (not including clouds); Global Warming defined Carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26 percent; � � Methane (CH4), which causes 4–9 percent; � Methane (CH4), which causes 4 9 percent; � And ozone, which causes 3–7 percent. Global warming is the increase in the Global Warming � Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited average measured temperature of the Earth's to, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydro near-surface air and oceans since the mid- fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons and 20th century, and its projected continuation. chlorofluorocarbons. Relation between Global A thought to Pause…… Warming & Greenhouse Effect What is Greenhouse effect Deforestation � We are witnessing an unprecedented and massive The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Greenhouse gases effectively absorb thermal collision between our civilization and the Earth. (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase in infrared radiation, emitted by the Earth’s surface, globally averaged temperatures since the mid- by the atmosphere itself due to the same gases, � And most of it is increase in cities twentieth century is very likely due to the observed twentieth century is very likely due to the observed and by clouds. Atmospheric radiation is emitted to and by clouds. Atmospheric radiation is emitted to � This population rise puts pressure on vulnerable � This population rise puts pressure on vulnerable increase in anthropogenic (man-made) greenhouse all sides, including downward to the Earth’s surface. areas like forests for all our requirements (food, gas concentrations" via an enhanced greenhouse Thus greenhouse gases trap heat within the energy, etc) effect. surface-troposphere system. This is called the � The way we treat our forests is a political issue greenhouse effect � Much of forest destruction comes from burning. (almost 30% of co2 released in atmosphere each year) A study by I PCC: What happens when world temperature A study by I PCC: What happens when world temperature rises by…. Important Note rises by…. 1 DEGREE 3 DEGREES * Shrinking glaciers threaten water for 50 million people * In Southern Europe, serious droughts once every 10 * Modest increases in cereal yields in temperate regions years * At least 300,000 people each year die from malaria, malnutrition and * 1-4 billion more people suffer water shortages During the 21st century, various During the 21st century, various other climate-related diseases * Reduction in winter mortality in higher latitudes * Reduction in winter mortality in higher latitudes * Some 150-550 additional millions at risk of hunger computer models predict that * 80 percent bleaching of coral reefs, e.g. Great Barrier Reef * 1-3 million more people die from malnutrition 2 DEGREES Earth’s average temperature will * 5-10 percent decline in crop yield in tropical Africa * Onset of Amazon forest collapse (some models only) rise between 1.8 and 4.0° Celsius * 40-60 million more people exposed to malaria in Africa * Rising risk of collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheet * Up to 10 million more people affected by coastal flooding (3.2° and 7.2° F). * Rising risk of collapse of Atlantic Conveyor of warm * 15-40 percent of species face extinction (one estimate) water * High risk of extinction of Arctic species, e.g. polar bear * Potential for Greenland ice sheet to start to melt irreversibly, committing * Rising risk of abrupt changes to the monsoon world to 7 metre sea level rise
A study by I PCC: What happens when world temperature rises by…. The World unites 4 DEGREES � Governments around the world agreed * Agricultural yields decline by 15-35 percent in Africa during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit on a * Up to 80 million more people exposed to malaria in Africa * Loss of around half Arctic tundra United Nations Framework Convection United Nations Framework Convection 5 DEGREES 5 DEGREES * Possible disappearance of large glaciers in Himalayas, affecting on Climate Change (UNFCCC) one-quarter of China's population, many in India * Continued increase in ocean acidity seriously disrupting marine ecosystems and possibly fish stocks * Sea level rise threatens small islands, coastal areas such as Leading to the birth of Florida and major cities such as New York, London, and Tokyo Kyoto Protocol GHGs defined by the Adoption of Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol � Carbon dioxide (CO2), The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the 3rd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the United Nations � Methane (CH4), Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Kyoto Japan in December 1997 Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. � Nitrous oxide (N2O), Nitrous oxide (N2O) � HFCs, ♦ The Protocol defines quantified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets for Annex I Parties. � PFCs, � SF6. GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS Interesting equations Carbon dioxide-01 Methane-21 Dramatically Old habits Old habits Predictable Altered e ed = consequence + + = consequence Nitrous Oxide-310 Old technology New HFC 23-11700 technology CF 4-6500 SF 6- 23900
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