Exoplanet Atmospheres and Giant Telescopes Ian Crossfield Sagan Fellow, UA/LPL 2015/10/08
What's in a name? E-ELT TMT GMT R~10 5 , MIR, slit METIS NIRES-R GMTNIRS R~10 5 , NIR, slit NIRES-B HIRES R~10 5 , optical, fiber HROS G-CLEF R~3000, NIR, IFU HARMONI IRIS GMTIFS High-contrast imager EPICS PSI TIGER * first-light
Irradiated Young, Hot Giant Planets Gas Giants Small Planets & Habitability Mature, Cold Gas Giants
Young, Hot Gas Giants
HARMONI, EPICS: find & characterize many planets during formation. Star/planet flux ratio (@ 1.6 µm) Taurus planets (still accreting) Macintosh+2006 Star/planet separation (arcsec)
HARMONI, EPICS: find & characterize many planets during formation. Star/planet flux ratio (@ 1.6 µm) Taurus planets (still accreting) ~2 Myr protoplanet? Kraus+Ireland 2011 Macintosh+2006 Star/planet separation (arcsec)
HARMONI: λ/∆λ~4000 spectroscopy of young, bright gas giants: H 2 O CO HR 8799b,c: T eff ~1100 K M ~ 5-10 M Jup Konopacky+2013, t ~ 30 Myr Barman+2015 CO & H 2 O
HARMONI: λ/∆λ~4000 spectroscopy of young, bright gas giants: H 2 O GJ 504b: CO ~500 K ~ 4 M Jup 200 Myr CH 4 ; H 2 O? CO? Kuzuhara+2013, Janson+2013 HR 8799b,c: T eff ~1100 K M ~ 5-10 M Jup Konopacky+2013, t ~ 30 Myr Barman+2015 CO & H 2 O
Measure planetary spin in NIR, at R>10 4 : beta Pic b: v sin i ~ 25 km/s Snellen+2014
Measure planetary spin in NIR, at R>10 4 : GQ Lup Snellen+2014, Schwartz (in prep)
Global Extrasolar Weather Patterns: Zhang+Showman 2014
Global Extrasolar Weather Patterns: Doppler Imaging of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs VLT/CRIRES: Brown dwarf Luhman 16B Crossfield+2014a Zhang+Showman 2014
Global Extrasolar Weather Patterns: Doppler Imaging of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs Crossfield+2014a Crossfield 2014b
Mature, Irradiated Gas Giants
Transmission spectroscopy probes exoplanetary atmospheric composition: λ 1 R P λ 2 Flux Time 15
Transmission spectroscopy probes exoplanetary atmospheric composition: λ 1 R P λ 2 Flux Time 16 Bean+2010,2011
HIRES will probe composition and atmospheric dynamics VLT/CRIRES: Transit of hot Jupiter HD 209458b. CO detected. Global wind? 2 ± 1 km/s Snellen+2010
HIRES will probe composition and atmospheric dynamics Snellen+2010 Showman+2013, Rauscher+Kempton 2014
HIRES will extend these studies from hot Jupiters to cool sub-Neptunes: HD209458b: ( 1.4 R Jup ) K=6.3, D=8m, ∆λ=0.15 µm, σ Tr ~0.05% Snellen+2010 K2-3b: (2.1 R Earth ) K=8.6, D=30m, ∆λ=1.5 µm, σ Tr ~0.03% Crossfield+2015
HIRES: probe composition and thermal structure of non-transiting planets VLT/CRIRES: Non-transiting hot Jupiter 51 Peg b: H2O, CO; no thermal inversion. Birkby+2014
HIRES: probe composition and thermal structure of non-transiting planets as a function of longitude Brogi+2013, 2014, Birkby+2014, de Kok+2013, Rodler+2013a, b, Schwartz+2015
HIRES: probe composition and thermal structure of non-transiting planets as a function of longitude Optical albedos will complement thermal measurements (cf. Martins et al. 2015) Brogi+2013, 2014, Birkby+2014, de Kok+2013, Rodler+2013a, b, Schwartz+2015
Mature, cold Gas Giants
EPICS: would study 10-15 sub- Jovians around nearby stars: <T> ~ 250 K <R> ~ 3 R Earth Not a blind search: Radial Earth Radii velocity surveys will find these systems! Crossfield 2013; Equilibrium Temperature [K] Quanz, Crossfield+2015
METIS-IFU: High-dispersion, high- contrast exoplanet science. Snellen+2015
Small & Rocky Planets
Small, rocky planets should be detectable around many stars in NIR: current capabilities Need a giant telescope's angular resolution & sensitivity to see these planets. M future capabilities K G F Assumed: one rocky, temperate planet per nearby star; NIR.
Small, rocky planets should be detectable around many stars in NIR: … and in mid-IR Need a giant telescope's angular resolution & sensitivity to see these planets. M K G F future capabilities? Assumed: one rocky, temperate planet per nearby star; 10 µm
Can ELTs detect extrasolar biosignature gases?
HARMONI, EPICS: Detecting O 2 in planets orbiting nearby M dwarfs? Kawahara+2012
HIRES: Detecting O 2 with high- dispersion Doppler transit spectroscopy. Schneider 1994; Webb & Wormleaton 2001; Snellen+2013; Rodler+Lopez-Morales 2014
HIRES: Detecting O 2 with high- dispersion Doppler transit spectroscopy. Schneider 1994; Webb & Wormleaton 2001; Snellen+2013; Rodler+Lopez-Morales 2014 Rodler+Lopez-Morales 2014
Could study planetary spectra vs. planet age: Spectrum of earth: 3.9 Gyr ago 2.4 Gyr ago 0.8 Gyr ago Wavelength (µm) Kaltenegger+2007
HIRES: Alternative biosignature gases? Seager+2013
Young, Hot Giant Planets ● HARMONI spectroscopy: ● Atmospheric abundances ● Thermal structure ● EPICS: ● Location, frequency, accretion luminosity of forming planets ● HIRES: ● Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs
Young, Hot Giant Planets ● HARMONI spectroscopy: ● Atmospheric abundances ● Thermal structure ● EPICS: ● Location, frequency, accretion luminosity of forming planets ● HIRES: ● Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs
Irradiated Gas Giants ● NIRES, METIS: ● Composition and dynamics of transiting planet atmospheres; from H.J.'s to sub-Jovians ● Global composition & thermal structure of non-transiters
Irradiated Young, Hot Giant Planets Gas Giants ● HARMONI spectroscopy: ● NIRES, METIS: ● Atmospheric abundances ● Composition and dynamics of ● Thermal structure transiting planet atmospheres; ● EPICS: from H.J.'s to sub-Jovians ● Location, frequency, accretion ● Global composition & thermal luminosity of forming planets structure of non-transiters ● HIRES: ● Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs
Mature, cold Gas Giants ● EPICS, METIS: ● Albedo, IR emission of known RV+GAIA planets ● New planet searches
Irradiated Young, Hot Giant Planets Gas Giants ● HARMONI spectroscopy: ● NIRES, METIS: ● Atmospheric abundances ● Composition and dynamics of ● Thermal structure transiting planet atmospheres; ● EPICS: from H.J.'s to sub-Jovians ● Location, frequency, accretion ● Global composition & thermal luminosity of forming planets structure of non-transiters ● HIRES: ● Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs Mature, Cold Gas Giants ● EPICS, METIS: ● Albedo, IR emission of known RV+GAIA planets ● New planet searches
Small Planets & Habitability ● MOS: ● Transit followup of K2/Plato systems ● Compositions of H 2 - dominated atmospheres ● HIRES, EPICS: ● Detecting O 2 or other biosignature gases!
Irradiated Young, Hot Giant Planets Gas Giants HARMONI spectroscopy: ● HIRES, METIS: ● Atmospheric abundances ● Composition and dynamics of ● Thermal structure transiting planet atmospheres; EPICS: from H.J.'s to sub-Jovians ● Location, frequency, accretion ● Global composition & thermal luminosity of forming planets structure of non-transiters HIRES: ● Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs Small Planets & Habitability Mature, Cold Gas Giants ● MOS: ● Transit followup of ● EPICS, METIS: K2/Plato systems ● Albedo, IR emission ● Compositions of H 2 - of known RV+GAIA dominated atmospheres planets ● HIRES, EPICS: ● New planet searches ● Detecting O 2 or other biosignature gases!
Recommendation: ● To study exoplanet atmospheres, our highest priority should be an adaptive-optics, infrared, high-dispersion spectrograph for the ELTs.
EPICS: Will study albedo properties of known planets: Crossfield 2013
MOS: Transit followup of planets from Kepler2 and PLATO
MOS: Transit followup of planets from Kepler2 and PLATO
Ground-based studies of sub-Earth-sized planets: Keck/MOSFIRE: Kepler: Crossfield et al. in prep Muirhead et al. (2012)
Ground-based studies of sub-Earth-sized planets: Keck/MOSFIRE: Crossfield et al. in prep
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