Evolution or Revolution Source: Global Energy Transition (GET) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

LNG IN MARATHON OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS Marine Fuels Evolution or Revolution

Source: Global Energy Transition (GET) model Scenario 1. 1.2 % growth to 2040 and then 0.8 % to 2100 Scenario 2. 1.2 % growth to 2100 Scenario 3. 1.2 % growth to 2040 and then 0 % to 2100

Number of ships (thousands)

Challenge  The marine fuel industry is changing with ever-increasing speed  Demands concerning energy efficiency and environmental protection  Fossil fuel as an energy source is not a sustainable solution to long term future energy requirements. (Energy Security)  Global CO2 emissions by fossil fuel from the transport sector has increased 45% from year 1970-2005  It estimate that CO2 emissions from year 2007-2030 will increase 40% [OECD (2010)]. Source: American Geophysical Union

Driving Forces for Change  Current and future emission control areas (ECAs),  Energy efficiency requirements (EEDI)  Supply chain security  Carbon policies (carbon tax).

What were the Key options? • To use low sulphur content fuels such as Marine Gas Oil (MGO) in combination with Selective Catalytic Reducers (SCR) • To use traditional heavy fuel oil (HFO) in combination with Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems – EGCS (e.g. Scrubbers) to limit SOx emissions and Selective Catalytic Reducers – SCR to limit NOx emissions. • To use alternative fuels such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). • Or find other alternative fuels or options

Alternative Marine Propulsion Power System / Fuels  Low Sulphur Diesel oil  Heavy fuel oil (Scrubber Technology)  Hydrocarbon Gaseous Fuels (Ethane, Propane & Butane)  Hydrogen  Methanol  Ethanol  Biofuel  DME  Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion  Solar  Electric Stored  Hybrid technology  Nuclear  Anhydrous Ammonia  LNG

HYDROGEN • Hydrogen comprises more than 75% of the planet • It is renewable form of energy. • Combustion of H2 produces 2.5 times more energy per gram as compare to natural gas. • It is evident that hydrogen is a remarkably light gaseous fuel that requires on volume basis the least amount of air for stoichiometric combustion

Hydrogen as Fuel  To act as fuel Hydrogen must exist as free hydrogen (H2)  It doesn’t really exist as a separate form of matter  Common source of hydrogen is water  Hydrogen can also be produced from biomass (Plant matter) still in the early research and development phase  liquid hydrogen weighs less than petroleum-based fuels  Liquid hydrogen boils at -252.77 degrees Celsius  Hydrogen has the highest energy-to-weight ratio of all fuels  1 kilogram (kg) of hydrogen has the same amount of energy as 2.1 kg of natural gas or 2.8 kg of gasoline  Hydrogen burns in air at concentrations in the range of 4 to 75 percent by volume (LNG 5 to 15)  The main feedstock for Hydrogen is natural gas because efficiency is high and the production cost is relatively low.  Electrolysis can be used to separate water into its basic constituents In electrolysis, a current is passed through water

Challenges Hydrogen as Marine Fuel • Hydrogen gas requires a lot of work to free if from other elements • Expensive to manufacture because of platinum use in fuel cell • Highly Flammable: Very powerful source of fuel (Highly inflammable) • Storage: Liquid Hydrogen is stored at cryogenic temperature (-253°C) • Dependency on Fossil Fuels : 94 % of Hydrogen is extracted from Methane/LNG. • Conversion to Hydrogen Fuel: A drawback in producing hydrogen from natural gas is that efficiency drops to almost 50% compared to the original chemical energy • Though hydrogen energy is renewable and its environmental impacts are minimal • Need non-renewable sources e.g. coal, oil & natural gas to separate it from oxygen. • Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions increase in combustion / high temperature. • lack supply: Currently no hydrogen infrastructure. • Sensitive to changes in temperature: polymer exchange membranes, tend to degrade at above 100C while platinum cell need high temp to work. • Sensitive to contamination from outside elements.

Internal Combustion Engine

Hydrogen Fuel Cell • We can say that the hydrogen fuel is being 'burnt' or combusted in the simple reaction. Source: Hydrogen Energy Association

Liquid Nitrogen • Abundant in air. • Lower energy density and high storage pressure of compressed air results in liquid nitrogen being more favoured. • More suited for use in a hybrid solution due to lower energy density compared to gasoline. • liquid nitrogen as “fuel” generates energy by work by expansion • Liquid nitrogen stored in vessel that is pumped into economizer and a heat-exchanger thereafter. • Nitrogen expands in the heat-exchanger that utilizes the ambient air as heat source. Gaseous nitrogen expands further in the turbine shaped engine to generate work and runs thereafter through the economizer before being released as exhaust. • This type of engines utilizes the temperature difference Energy is generated by expansion of nitrogen from liquid to gaseous phase. • Liquid nitrogen engines are at laboratory stage and the concept of liquid nitrogen as fuel is not suitable for use in existing engine designs.

Hydrazine  Hydrazine is so far used as rocket fuel  It burns with a colourless flame  Jet fighter F-16 uses hydrazine to power its emergency unit.  Extremely unstable and highly toxic.  An extremely unstable fuel is not suitable for direct use in IC engines  Toxicity creates problems to handle this fuel

Ammonia  Option is ammonia is carbon-free solution  A fuel in the natural nitrogen cycle, instead of the carbon cycle (Way to reduce the GHG emissions)  Ammonia combustion emits only water and nitrogen  It can be handled with the existing technology and infrastructure in same manner as propane is handled.  Existed as fuel since 1942. (Used as fuel in W. War II)  Can be produced locally, reducing International transport cost  Internal combustion engines, both Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition, have been tested with ammonia as fuel,  Ammonia has it´s disadvantages as a fuel.  The main disadvantage is its dependency on Hydrocarbon gas  Carbon emissions from producing one ton ammonia from natural gas is about 1.87 ton.  Presently the disadvantages related to ammonia as fuel for an internal combustion engine are • Very high auto-ignition temperature (651 °C) • Low flame speed • High heat of vaporization • Narrow flammability limits (16-25% by volume in air) • Toxic Kong S.C, Gross C.W., (2012)

Ammonia in partnership with other fuels • Ammonia can be mixed with other substances to overcome its disadvantages as a fuel, both for Compression-Ignition (CI) and Spark-Ignition (SI) engines. • Possible fuels to be used in SI-engines in addition to ammonia are hydrogen and gasoline while additional fuels for use in CI-engines are Dimethyl Ether (DME) and (bio)diesel. (Source: Wikid Energy)

Nitrogen Base Fuels Fuel Chemical formula Application Ammonia NH3 SI-engine Ammonia in dual-fuel NH3+additional fuels SI & CI applications engine Hydrazine(monopropellant) N2H4 Fuel-cell, Rocket propellant Liquid Nitrogen N2 Expansion Engine

Methanol  Methanol is a clean-burning, biodegradable fuel.  Methanol is a clear, colourless liquid that looks like water. It is water soluble and has no discernible odour in low concentrations. Methanol is flammable and toxic.  Methanol is currently more costly than diesel and less efficient to burn  Methanol can be stored in existing tanks on ships and since it is not kept under pressure will not expand and explode  Ethanol contains about 75 percent of the energy of gasoline per litre, compared to 67 percent for methanol.  It has lower energy content when burned. This means that to produce more energy, it will require higher fuel consumption

Methanol is produced from Natural Gas Can also be produced from Coal Methanol increasingly being produced from biomass Source: Methanax

Methanol has already made its way in Marine Fuel Supply Chain Wärtsilä Direct Injection Dual‐Fuel Concept for Methanol in Large Four‐Stroke Engines Stena Germanica: First Methanol fuelled ship

Ethanol • Ethanol is form of Bio fuel, exists since 1970 (45 Yrs.) • Ethanol is a small alcohol molecule that burns cleanly • Corn is the best known source of Ethanol • Soybeans, switch grass, farm wastes, plants, algae and manure. • Ethanol from corn has 20 percent lower emissions • Ethanol added to gasoline also reduces the output of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphates and particulate matter. • Ethanol has a lower energy comparing gasoline and diesel • Food or fuel • World Bank lists ethanol as one of the causes of a 104.5 % increase in food prices (2000 and 2012) • Ethanol is more corrosive than pure gasoline, and its elevated water content can corrode parts and cause engine malfunctions.