evidence based management of meniscal tears
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Evidence Based Management of Meniscal Tears Kenneth G. Swan, Jr., - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Evidence Based Management of Meniscal Tears Kenneth G. Swan, Jr., MD NO DISCLOSURES www.UOANJ.com www.UOANJ.com Meniscus Once thought to be a ves@gial muscle remnant with no known purpose, now known to be: Important structure for

  1. Evidence Based Management of Meniscal Tears Kenneth G. Swan, Jr., MD

  2. • NO DISCLOSURES www.UOANJ.com

  3. www.UOANJ.com

  4. Meniscus • Once thought to be a ves@gial muscle remnant with no known purpose, now known to be: – Important structure for knee force distribu@on – Secondary stabilizer of the knee – Loss of en@re mensicus (open meniscectomy) leads to progressive degenera@ve changes decades later • Fairbanks, JBJS , 1948 www.UOANJ.com

  5. Meniscus Tear • Common – 35% of people over the age of 50 have a meniscus tear – 2/3 of these people are ASYMPTOMATIC – In the presence of osteoarthri@s, prevalence increases to 100% if Grade IV arthri@c changes • Can be trauma@c or degenera@ve…. www.UOANJ.com

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  7. “….its all about the blood supply…” Arnonczky, AJSM , 1982 www.UOANJ.com

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  9. Meniscus Repair www.UOANJ.com

  10. Meniscus Injury • Trauma@c vs atrauma@c/denera@ve – Trauma@c: Younger, acutely painful swollen knee – Degenera@ve: Middle age-older, chronic vs acute-on- chronic vs acutely painful knee • Catching, clicking, locking of the knee may occur • Exam may include painful range of mo@on, affected joint line tenderness, and posi@ve provaca@ve maneuvers (McMurray’s, Appley’s) www.UOANJ.com

  11. Meniscus Injury: Diagnosis • History, Physical • Plain Radiographs! • MRI www.UOANJ.com

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  15. Meniscal Injury Treatment: Young patient • Non opera@ve treatment NOT typically recommended • Surgery to PRESERVE the meniscus (i.e., repair or debride, prevent tear progression) • Defini@on of young? – <25 years old? – <35 years old? – <50 years old? • Why? www.UOANJ.com

  16. MENISCECTOMY • REMOVAL OF MENISCAL TISSUE DECREASES CONTACT STRESS AREA, INCREASING STRESS ON THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE • INCREASED STRESS IS IN PROPORTION TO THE AMOUNT OF MENISCUS REMOVED • INCREASED STRESS INEVITABLY LEADS TO DEGENERATION OF THE JOINT www.UOANJ.com

  17. Meniscectomy and Osteoarthritis • Fairbanks, JBJS , 1948 – Described progressive radiographic changes ajer open meniscectomy, with up to 14yrs f/u – *No correla@on with clinical findings • Jorgensen, JBJS , 1987 – 4.5 and 14.5 yr clinical and radiographic f/u of athletes ajer open meniscectomy – c/l knee radiographs for control • 89% radiographic changes • 67% symptoma@c • 34% no sports (due to knee pain) www.UOANJ.com

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  19. OA after arthroscopic meniscus repair vs partial meniscectomy • Stein, AJSM , 2010 • Level 3 Cohort • 4.5 and 9 yr blinded radiographic f/u • Young(ish) pa@ents: avg age ~31 • Isolated, “trauma@c tears”; both groups, ver@cal tears/bucket handle • Results at 9 years: – Meniscectomy: 60% OA changes (Grade I Fairbanks) – Meniscus repair: 20% OA changes (Grade I Fairbanks) – No Grade 2 or 3 changes seen • Repair much higher return to prior sport (96% vs 50%) www.UOANJ.com

  20. “SAVE THE MENISCUS…. ” www.UOANJ.com

  21. Meniscus Tear, Young Pt.: REPAIR WHEN POSSIBLE • Young, healthy pa@ent – Non smoker • Red Zone, Red-White Zone • Favorable tear pasern (Ver@cal, Bucket handle) • Acute? • In conjunc@on with ACL reconstruc@on* • Stable knee • Morgan, AJSM 1991 www.UOANJ.com

  22. Meniscus Repair Healing Rate • ~82% • If an isolated repair: ~50% healing rate • **If in conjunc@on with ACLR: ~90% healing rate – Tenuta, AJSM , 1994 (West Point, A/A eval) – Cannon, AJSM , 1992 (arthrogram or A/A) – Westerman, AJSM , 2014 (MOON GROUP) www.UOANJ.com

  23. CLINICAL QUESTION WHAT IS THE OPTIMAL TREATMENT OF A MIDDLE AGED PATIENT WITH A SYMPTOMATIC MENISCUS TEAR? www.UOANJ.com

  24. • PubMed Search – Relevant ar@cles – Search terms “meniscus”, “meniscus repair”, “meniscectomy”, “meniscal healing” – All levels of studies considered for historical purposes – Level I and II studies included in outcomes review www.UOANJ.com

  25. Levels of Evidence www.UOANJ.com

  26. Knee Arthroscopy • ~700,000 arthroscopic par@al medial meniscectomies/year in the U.S. in 2006 • But should we be doing this? www.UOANJ.com

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  28. Meniscus Tear • Common – 35% of people over the age of 50 have a meniscus tear – 2/3 of these people are ASYMPTOMATIC – In the presence of osteoarthri@s, prevalence increases to 100% if Grade IV arthri@c changes • Can be trauma@c or degenera@ve…. www.UOANJ.com

  29. Arthroscopy for Osteoarthritis? • Mosely, N Eng J Med , 2002 • RCT, Level I • Arthroscopy with debridement and mensicectomy vs. lavage surgery vs. sham surgery • Conclusions: NO DIFFERENCE AMONG GROUPS! – Kirkley, N Eng J Med , 2008, similar findings www.UOANJ.com

  30. Should we ‘scope this patient’s knee for their meniscus tear? www.UOANJ.com

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  32. Arthroscopy and Osteoarthritis • In General: Doing an arthroscopy for a paIent with advanced arthriIs no longer appropriate! • What about knee arthroscopy for meniscus tear in a paIent with mild arthriIc changes? • No arthriIs? www.UOANJ.com

  33. Arthroscopy vs Sham Surgery for Degenerative Meniscus Tears • Sihvonen, N Eng J Med , 2013 • Mul@center RCT, Level 2 Evidence • Arthroscopic par@al meniscectomy vs. sham surgery in pa@ents without OA • Findings: NO DIFFERENCE b/t GROUPS @ 12mos • Importantly, sta@s@cal difference in severity of non- radiographic appearance of arthri@s seen in surgical vs. sham group. www.UOANJ.com

  34. Knee arthroscopy vs PT for meniscus tears • Herrlin, KSSTA , 2013 • RCT, Level 1 • No or minimal OA (< grade 1) • Middle aged pa@ents • Findings: – PT group did as well as Arthroscopy/PT group at 5 years www.UOANJ.com

  35. • Arthritis Surgery In Ailing Knees Is Cited as Sham • By GINA KOLATA • Published: July 11, 2002 • Common Knee Surgery Does Very Little for Some, Study Suggests • By Pam Belluck • Published: December 25, 2013 • The Placebo Effect Doesn’t Apply Just to Pills • OCT. 6, 2014 www.UOANJ.com

  36. Knee arthroscopy vs PT for meniscus tears • Herrlin, KSSTA , 2013 • RCT, Level 1 • No or minimal OA (< grade 1) • Middle aged pa@ents • Findings: – PT group did as well as Arthroscopy/PT group at 5 years – HOWEVER: 33% of pa/ents had crossed over into the surgical group, and improved a?er arthroscopy!! www.UOANJ.com

  37. Knee arthroscopy vs PT for meniscus tears • Herrlin, KSSTA , 2013 • RCT, Level 1 • No or minimal OA (< grade 1) • Middle aged pa@ents • Findings: – PT group did as well as Arthroscopy/PT group at 5 years – HOWEVER: 33% of pa/ents had crossed over into the surgical group, and improved a?er arthroscopy!! – No progression of OA in surgical group www.UOANJ.com

  38. Arthrosocopy vs PT for Meniscus Tear and [mild-moderate] Osteoarthritis • Katz, N Eng J Med , 2013 • RCT, mul@centered, Level I Evidence • Arthroscopy and PT vs PT alone • 12 mos f/u, pt. age >45 yrs • Results: NO DIFFERENCE! www.UOANJ.com

  39. Arthrosocopy vs PT for Meniscus Tear and [mild-moderate] Osteoarthritis • Katz, N Eng J Med , 2013 • RCT, mul@centered, Level I Evidence • Arthroscopy and PT vs PT alone • 12 mos f/u, pt. age >45 yrs • Results: NO DIFFERENCE! – But: • 35% crossover, with improved results • Treatment failure: PT alone (49%), Arthroscopy (25%) – (WOMAC) www.UOANJ.com

  40. Arthroscopy vs Conservative Tx for Meniscus Tears • “Not all meniscus tears need surgery..” • “This does not mean all meniscus tears do not need surgery” • Robert Brophy, MD • Washington University, St. Louis, MO • JBJS , 2014 www.UOANJ.com

  41. Non-Op Treatment, Meniscus www.UOANJ.com

  42. Does knee arthroscopy and meniscectomy lead to osteoarthritis? • Paxton, Arthroscopy , 2011 • Systema@c Review, Level IV • 10 years s/p meniscectomy, 36% of pa@ents had Fairbanks I/II changes (none had III/IV) • Meniscus repair, 21% had I/II changes • Reopera@on rate: Meniscectomy(3.9%), Repair (21%) • But: DIFFERENT PT POPULATIONS/AVG AGE…. www.UOANJ.com

  43. Knee arthroscopy vs PT for meniscus tears • Herrlin, KSSTA , 2013 • RCT, Level 1 • No or minimal OA (< grade 1) • Middle aged pa@ents • Findings: – PT group did as well as Arthroscopy/PT group at 5 years – HOWEVER: 33% of pa/ents had crossed over into the surgical group, and improved a?er arthroscopy!! – No progression of OA in surgical group www.UOANJ.com

  44. CLINICAL QUESTION WHAT IS THE OPTIMAL TREATMENT OF A MIDDLE AGED PATIENT WITH A SYMPTOMATIC MENISCUS TEAR? • Non-operaIve management is an appropriate first step, with physical therapy, acIvity modificaIons, +/- medicaIons, +/- bracing • Arthroscopy and parIal meniscectomy may be considered in those who fail non-operaIve measures • Arthroscopy unpredictable in those with more advanced arthriIs, and should not be the first line of treatment in these paIents www.UOANJ.com

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