Evaluations of endangered species Evaluations of endangered species programs: The golden lion tamarin as programs: The golden lion tamarin as an example an example Devra G. Kleiman Devra G. Kleiman Smithsonian National Zoological Park & Zoo- -Logic, LLC Logic, LLC & Zoo
US E/T expenditures US E/T expenditures Fiscal Year 2000 (Federal & state) Fiscal Year 2000 (Federal & state) Total, non- -land acquisition land acquisition : US $524 mill : Total, non US $524 mill # listed species : 1235 : # listed species 1235 Median for species (>US $ 100): $19,400 $19,400 Median for species (>US $ 100): # species > US $ 1 million: 55 # species > US $ 1 million: 55 Top 5 species: 4 species salmon, steelhead 4 species salmon, steelhead Top 5 species: & US expenditures on international ES programs & US expenditures on international ES programs
Annual program costs (@2004) Annual program costs (@2004) Golden lion tamarins: ~ US $ 0.8 mill Golden lion tamarins: ~ US $ 0.8 mill Reintroduction, reforestation/ corridors, education, policy, Reintroduction, reforestation/ corridors, education, policy, ecology, monitoring ecology, monitoring Channel Island grey fox: ~ US $ 1.2 mill Channel Island grey fox: ~ US $ 1.2 mill Invasive species removal, captive breeding, reintroduction, Invasive species removal, captive breeding, reintroduction, monitoring monitoring Black- -footed ferret: > US $ 2.0 mill footed ferret: > US $ 2.0 mill Black Prairie dog protection, captive breeding, reintroduction, Prairie dog protection, captive breeding, reintroduction, monitoring monitoring Whooping cranes: ~ US $ 1.5 mill Whooping cranes: ~ US $ 1.5 mill Captive breeding, imprinting, reintroduction & migration, Captive breeding, imprinting, reintroduction & migration, monitoring monitoring
Golden Lion Tamarins: Golden Lion Tamarins: A flagship species program to recover A flagship species program to recover a species and protect, restore and a species and protect, restore and expand the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil expand the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil & its biodiversity (also an international zoo & its biodiversity (also an international zoo success story) success story)
Study Area Study Area Janeiro Janeiro Rio Rio de de
Golden Lion Tamarin Status in Golden Lion Tamarin Status in 1972 1972 NUMBERS: NUMBERS: In wild: In wild: Several 100 ? Several 100 ? In zoos: In zoos: @ 75 GLTs @ 75 GLTs # of zoos: # of zoos: 16 16
Adelmar Coimbra- -Filho Filho Adelmar Coimbra James Dietz/ Andy Baker/ James Dietz/ Andy Baker/ Collaborators: Collaborators: Carlos Ruiz- -Miranda Miranda – – Carlos Ruiz Sharing the Sharing the ecology/ behavior ecology/ behavior journey (to 1997) Lou Ann Dietz/ Elizabeth journey (to 1997) Lou Ann Dietz/ Elizabeth Nagagata- - education education Nagagata Ben Beck/ Andreia Andreia Martins Martins Ben Beck/ - reintroduction reintroduction - Jon Ballou Ballou – – captive captive Jon population management population management Denise Rambaldi Rambaldi– – AMLD AMLD Denise Executive Director Executive Director Cecilia Kierulff Kierulff/ Paula / Paula Cecilia Procopio- - ecology, ecology, Procopio translocation translocation
Setting long- -term objectives: term objectives: Setting long Golden lion tamarins Golden lion tamarins & the Atlantic forest & the Atlantic forest REQUIRED FOR 2025 REQUIRED FOR 2025 For a naturally evolving population of Golden For a naturally evolving population of Golden Lion Tamarins by 2025, we need… ….. .. Lion Tamarins by 2025, we need 1) Protected 1) Protected habitat = >23,000 ha habitat = >23,000 ha 2) Protected GLTs = >2,000 = >2,000 2) Protected GLTs
Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Program Activities (thru 1997) Program Activities (thru 1997) I. . THE CAPTIVE POPULATION: I THE CAPTIVE POPULATION: Captive breeding and population management Captive breeding and population management II. THE WILD POPULATION: THE WILD POPULATION: II. Field research on population status and Field research on population status and behavioral ecology behavioral ecology III. REINTRODUCTION AND TRANSLOCATION: III. REINTRODUCTION AND TRANSLOCATION: Preparation, release, and long- -term monitoring term monitoring Preparation, release, and long IV. THE HABITAT: IV. THE HABITAT: Protection, management, preservation, Protection, management, preservation, restoration restoration V. CAPACITY BUILDING AND OUTREACH: CAPACITY BUILDING AND OUTREACH: V. Local education, national outreach, Local education, national outreach, professional training professional training
Timeline Timeline � 1972 � 1972- - 82: Captive breeding & research 82: Captive breeding & research � 1974: Po � 1974: Poç ço das Antas Reserve o das Antas Reserve established established � 1983: Ecological studies begin � 1983: Ecological studies begin � 1984: First reintroduction � 1984: First reintroduction � 1991: First complete census � 1991: First complete census � 1993: Golden Lion Tamarin � 1993: Golden Lion Tamarin Association created (AMLD) Association created (AMLD) � 1993: Tamarin translocations begin � 1993: Tamarin translocations begin nd Reserve (Uni � 1997: 2 � 1997: 2 nd Reserve (Uniã ão) created o) created
Strategic Planning Strategic Planning Informal strategic planning – biannually (?): 1983 on Formal species strategic planning with IUCN/SSC CBSG: 1991, 1997 Program evaluation: 1997
The Evaluation Team The Evaluation Team Ross Simons, Chair - - Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Institution Ross Simons, Chair John Robinson- - Wildlife Conservation Wildlife Conservation John Robinson Society (WCS) (NY) Society (WCS) (NY) Kent Redford - - The Nature Conservancy and The Nature Conservancy and Kent Redford WCS WCS Russ Mittermeier Mittermeier – – Conservation Conservation Russ International International Marcio Ayres Ayres - - WCS WCS Marcio Suzana Padua Padua – – IPE (Brazil) IPE (Brazil) Suzana Michael Wright - - African Wildlife Foundation African Wildlife Foundation Michael Wright (had to drop out) (had to drop out)
Evaluation process Evaluation process � Surveys of zoos � Surveys of zoos � Self � Self- -reports by chief coordinators reports by chief coordinators � Evaluation Team had meetings and � Evaluation Team had meetings and interviews with: interviews with: - Donors (e.g. WWF, CI Donors (e.g. WWF, CI- -Brazil, etc) Brazil, etc) - Brazilian Staff - Brazilian Staff - - Invested stakeholders (e.g. government officials, Invested stakeholders (e.g. government officials, - university colleagues) university colleagues) Non- -invested stakeholders (competitors, invested stakeholders (competitors, - Non - colleagues, knowledgeable individuals) colleagues, knowledgeable individuals)
Process Issues Process Issues Most Evaluation Team members knew Most Evaluation Team members knew the program – – not impartial nor objective, not impartial nor objective, the program but they understood the issues but they understood the issues Evaluation team not paid – – no Final no Final Evaluation team not paid Report ever completed, thus no closure Report ever completed, thus no closure Evaluation team inbred, highly placed, Evaluation team inbred, highly placed, and not evaluators by training or and not evaluators by training or experience - - BUT, they were motivated BUT, they were motivated experience (evaluations were not occurring in endangered species (evaluations were not occurring in endangered species programs) programs)
Results & positive benefits from Results & positive benefits from recommendations recommendations � > authority to Brazilians and local non � > authority to Brazilians and local non- - profit NGO profit NGO � > emphasis on the conservation value � > emphasis on the conservation value of research activities of research activities � > focus on forging Brazilian university � > focus on forging Brazilian university and research institute relationships & and research institute relationships & increased training of Brazilians increased training of Brazilians � > focus on social, institutional and � > focus on social, institutional and economic issues within the region economic issues within the region
Lessons Learned for reviews of Lessons Learned for reviews of endangered species recovery endangered species recovery programs programs Individual investment in a conservation Individual investment in a conservation program may be someone’ ’s career s career program may be someone Program reviews must be impartial Program reviews must be impartial You don’ ’t get something for nothing t get something for nothing You don An evaluation team should be diverse An evaluation team should be diverse Know who the final audience is Know who the final audience is Understand the historical context of the Understand the historical context of the program program
Value of ES Evaluation & Future Value of ES Evaluation & Future Needs Needs
THANK YOU THANK YOU
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