ETHNOVETERINARY TREATMENT OF HORSES BY THE GREAT SIOUX NATION - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ETHNOVETERINARY TREATMENT OF HORSES BY THE GREAT SIOUX NATION Sunshine Claymore, Environmental Science Program, Sitting Bull College, Fort Yates ND; claymoresu@sbci.edu Karen M. Walker, William L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO; karen.walker@mobot.org

INTRODUCTION  Many Native American ican natio tions ns hold a strong reverence nce for Moth other r Earth h and all living ing cre reatu ture res s (Gi Gilmo more re 1977). ).  Ac Accumu cumulat lated ed knowl wled edge e about ut environm onment ent throug ugh h observat ations. ions.  Skills develop oped d utili lizing zing surroun ounding ding flora a for food, medicin cine, e, homes and nd clot othi hing ng.  Plant nts were also used to care e for their r horses and d ot other r domestic ticat ated ed animals. mals.

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HORSES AND THE SIOUX NATION RUNS DEEP  Horses wer were introduce duced d to the Sioux x People by the Cheyenn nne.  By the 18 18 th th century y Sioux ux had become depende ndent nt of horses in daily y lives. s.  Sunk nka-wak akan an wa was the name given to horses which means “sacred dogs” (Bonvillain & Porter 1994) 94). .  Qu Quickl ckly y adopt pted ed for their r capab ability ility for r tra ranspo sportatio ation n covering ing long distanc tances and carrying ying heavie ier r loads. s.

HORSES REVOLUTIONIZED THE ECONOMY OF THE SIOUX PEOPLE  Measured a person’s wealth by the number r of horses a famil ily y had. .  Ow Ownership ship wa was a mark rk of pre restig tige and with h this s possessio sion n familie ilies s wer were given respect. t.  Horses beauty ty, , strength, th, and d grace wer were honored d in many stories s across s the natio tion. n.

IMPORTANCE OF HORSES TO THE PEOPLE TODAY  Horses are still used on ranche ches, s, for memorial ial rides, , horse races, , and duri ring ng rodeos. .  Most recently y horses are being used for equine ne therap apy y to assist st in understandi tanding ng behavio vioral ral and mental al disorde ders.

STUDY PURPOSE  The propose sed d proje ject t has three main in goals:  1) Discover r and document ent nativ ive plant t preparatio arations ns for eth ethnovet eterin rinar ary y tre reatme ments nts used for r horses through ugh a litera ratu ture re review w and intervie views ws from elders and d oth other communit unity y members. s.  2) Collect, , press, , and d voucher r the nativ ive plants nts discus cusse sed. d.  3) Make this body of knowl wledg edge accessib sible le to the commun unity ity.

STUDY AREA  Focus us on the Lakota ota and Dakota ota People of the Standing nding Rock India dian n Reservatio ation. n.  Today, the Great Sioux Nation’s territ itory y encompass asses es some 200,000 000 km 2 2 includi uding ng parts ts of South h Dakota, ota, North Dakota ota and Nebrask ska a (Minahan ahan 2002). ).

STUDY AREA Seven en Bands ds of the Sioux x Natio ion  EuroAme meric rican an coloniz izatio ation n led to the wes westwar ard d migrat ratio ion n to the Pra rairie irie Bioregio region. n.  Include udes s mixed ed grasslan ands ds, , river basins ns and occasio ional nal outcrops ops which ich covers the central al region of the US and d into Canada ada (Kindsc dscher her 1987, 7, Great Plains ins Flora a Associati iation n 1986). ).  Sioux x compose sed d of seven bands. s.  Lakot ota, a, Da Dakota ota and Nakot ota a People  Slight ht differen erences ces in language uage dialect lects and geogr ograp aphi hica cal l locati tions ons. http://sddial.k12.sd.us/ilc/oceti/members.htm

METHODS- INTERVIEWING  Prior to the interview, individuals were given an Informed Consent explaining the project to protect their intellectual property rights as requested in Standing Rock’s IRB.  Snowball technique to conduct semi-structured interviews (Bernard 1994; Martin 1996).  Ga Gather r information ormation re regarding ding nativ ive plants ts useful l to the therape apeut utic ic treatme ment nt of horses. s.  Methods of recording include  Wri ritt tten n not otes s and audio dio digital ital re recording ding where re appropriat priate and with h permis missio sion. n.  Invite experts to continue sharing stories about horses and plants during field interviews.

METHODS- PLANT COLLECTION  The experie ience nce in the field helped us under erstand stand cultura urall lly y how to collect, , harvest t and d prepar are plants. ts.  Pressed d and vouchered ed all useful l nativ ive plants ts mentio ioned ned in intervie views ws and d literatur ature. .  Vouchers s will be d deposit sited d at Sittin ting g Bull College and d the Missou ssouri ri Bota otanical nical Garden. n.  All nomencl clatur ature ident ntif ificatio ications ns will be c cross referenced ced with h the Flora of the Great Plains ins.

RESULTS Scient ntif ific ic Name me Lakota ota Name Use to Treat t Horses es Pediomelum Matho thinpsinla Roots used as energy stimulant argophyllum Oenothera Tatawabluska Chewed plant then rubbed on suffretescens hands to attract horses Silverleaf scufpea Scarlet Gaura P. argophyllum O. suffretenscens

RESULTS Scient ntif ific ic Name me Lakota ota Name Use to Treat t Horses es Pascopyrum smithii Peji hcaka Excellent forage for horses Gylcyrrhiza lepidota Wanawizi cikala Applied as poultice to sore backs of horses http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PASM Western wheatgrass American Licorice P. smithii G. lepidota

RESULTS Scient ntif ific ic Name me Lakota ota Name Use to Treat t Horses es Ratibida columnifera Asampi iyatke Whole plant fed to horse to treat urinary tract infection Dichanthelium oligosanthes Peji wakan Believed to be poisonous to horses http://www.pittstate.edu/department/herbarium/grasses/Dichanthel ium_oligosanthes_var_scribnerianum_ScribnersDichanthelium.dot Yellow Prairie Cone Flower Panic Grass R. columnifera D. oligosanthes

RESULTS Scient ntif ific ic Name me Lakota ota Name Use to Treat t Horses es Artemsia campetris Canlogan wastemna Roots pulverized and put on a sleeping mans face so this horses can be easily stolen Yucca glauca Hu pestola Roots burned to allow horses to be easily caught http:// luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=artemisia+campestris Field Sagewort Yucca A. campetris Y. glauca

RESULTS Scient ntif ific ic Name me Lakota ota Name Use to Treat t Horses es Onosmodium molle Sunkacan kanhuipiye Used as rubbing solution to relieve sore muscles Echinacea angustifolia Ichape hu Roots burned to ease distemper in horses http://nativeplantwildlifegarden.com/uncommon-places/image-4-onosmodium-molle-var-molle-nb/ Echinacea False gromwell E. Angustifolia O. molle

RESULTS Scient ntif ific ic Name me Lakota ota Name Use to Treat t Horses es Grindelia squarrosa Pte ichiyuha Infusion made to relieve cough Dyssodia papposa Pispiza tawote Infusion made to relieve cough http://www.nps.gov/wica/naturescience/wildflowers-fetid- marigold.htm Curlycup gumweed Fetid marigold G.Squarrosa D. papposa

Scienti entific c Name Lakot ota Name Use to Treat at Horses ses Populus deltoides Chanyah u Inner bark used as forage for horses during harsh winter months Liatris sp. Tate e cannuga Roots may be used to increase endurance or in stories overcome fear of water Cottonwood Blazing star P. deltoides Liatris sp.

Scienti entific c Name Lakot ota Name Use to Treat at Horses ses Juniperus virginiana Hante sa Decoction made from leaves and cones to relieve coughs Astragalus crassicarpus pte tawote Considered to be good medicine for horses Juniper Groundplum J. virginiana A. crassicarpus

 Information found will be shared in printed and electronic summary forms as a presentation to the public and to the Tribe.  Study will provide a valuable resource to the community by compiling information that can be used today and for future generations.  Community members will have access to the voucher specimens and compiled interview data for purposes of learning and education.  As a tool to pre reserve their r tra raditi itional nal ecological cal knowl wledge dge.  Encourag rageme ment nt for the launch nch of new scient ntif ific ic research h project cts and communi unity y activitie ivities. .  Specie ies s ident ntif ifie ied d as most important tant to the communit unity y can be target eted d for future ure conservatio ation n and restoratio ation n activit vities.

CONCLUSION  Plants are still a vital part to the community of Standing Rock  The significance of plants extends to the care of their horses.  Horses play an increasingly important role within this society from their memorial rides to ranching needs or recently equine assisted therapy. “These horses are a mirror to your soul. This horse will show all the emotions you are feeling” - Phillip Bird Horse (shown with grandson Urijah Truth, seventh generation descendent of Chief Running Antelope)