Era V; Unit 4 Unit WHII.4 The Age of Exploration Voorhees 2017
The student will apply social science skills to understand of the impact of the European Age of Exploration by • a) explaining the political and economic goals of European exploration and colonization;
Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere WHII.4a) Factors
WHII.4a) Factors for discovery • Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe (European demand for resources) • Support for the diffusion of Christianity (Spread of Christianity) • Political and economic competition between European empires (European political and economic competition)
WHII.4a) Factors for discovery • Innovations in navigational arts (European and Islamic origins) (Technology) • Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry the Navigator)
Gold, Glory, and God • Gold: • Europeans wanted to get rich – 1.Getting gold – 2.Trading spices – 3.Finding natural resources Q: Why did the Europeans want to explore for trade routes… Why wouldn’t they just travel through the Middle East to Asia?
Gold, Glory, and God, continued… • Glory: – Europeans competed to be richest and biggest
Gold, Glory, and God, continued… • God: • Europeans wanted diffusion of Christianity
Establishment of overseas empire and the decimation of indigenous populations WHII.4a) Explorers
Prince Henry the Navigator • Portugal • Brought experts together to study navigation • Paid for exploration • (Prince Henry Paid 4 Portuguese to X-Plore)
Vasco Da Gama • Portugal • sailed around tip of Africa to India • 1st water route to Asia • (Da Gama & Da Portuguese Sailed to Da India)
Christopher Columbus • Spain • Sailed west to Asia but landed in Bahamas • 1st European to find “New World” • Spain wanted to be in India but Chris landed in the Americas • (Good ol ’ Chris… he kinda missed)
Ferdinand Magellan • Spain • Captained the crew- 1st to circumnavigate the world • He named the Pacific • (Around the world, Magellan led… too bad when they made it, he was dead)
Hernando Cortez • Spain • Conquered the Aztecs & took over Mexico • (In Mexico, the Aztecs were bold but Cortez & Spain took their gold)
Francisco Pizarro • Spain • Conquered Incas • Took over Peru & Chile • (Spain sent Pizarro to the Andes… he conquered the Incas w/out sayin ’ please)
Francis Drake • England • 1st Englishman to circumnavigate the globe • (Drake, Drake, circumnavigate, go around the world and have some cake)
Jacques Cartier • France • Claimed Eastern Canada (Quebec) for France • (Cartier - he liked to dance – he claimed Canada 4 his France)
The expanding economies of European states stimulated increased trade with markets in Asia. WHII.4a) ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS WRAP-UP
The student will apply social science skills to understand of the impact of the European Age of Exploration by • b) describing the geographic expansion into Africa, Asia, and the Americas;
WHII.4b) Americas • Expansion of Spanish Empire into South and Central America • Expansion of British Empire into North America • Expansion of Portuguese Empire into South America • Expansion of French Empire into North America
WHII.4b) Americas Spain South America Central America North America (East Coast) British Portuguese South America (Brazil) French North America (Canada)
WHII.4b) Africa and Asia Africa • Expansion of trade between Europe and Africa (gold, slaves, and other resources) • European trading posts along the coast Asia • Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China) • Establishment of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British)
European powers sought to establish empires in North, South, and Central America. European powers sought to establish economic relationships with Africa and Asia. WHII.4b) ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS WRAP-UP
The student will apply social science skills to understand of the impact of the European Age of Exploration by • c) comparing and contrasting the social and cultural influences of European settlement on Africa, Asia, and the Americas;
WHII.4c) European influence • Americas – European emigration to North and South America – Demise of Aztec and Inca Empires – Forced migration of Africans who had been enslaved
Americas – Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent countries – Influence of Catholic and Protestant colonists who carried their faith, language, and cultures to new lands – Religious conversion of indigenous peoples
WHII.4c) European influence Africa • Expansion of the slave trade • Introduction of firearms to African society • Destruction of families as a result of the slave trade • Loss of fittest members of society to the slave trade
“The Middle Passage” More than 10 million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas before the importation of slaves was abolished in the United States in 1808
WHII.4c) European influence Asia • European influence was not welcomed • Conflict over attempts to spread Christianity • Restrictions on European trade and cultural influence
Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas, creating new cultural and social patterns. WHII.4c) ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS WRAP-UP
The student will apply social science skills to understand of the impact of the European Age of Exploration by • d) analyzing how competition for colonies changed the economic system of Europe;
• textiles India • tea Mercantilism • cotton America • tobacco • trees Africa • people England West • sugar Indies
WHII.4d) Competition for colonies • Columbian Exchange – Western Hemisphere agricultural products, such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco, changed European lifestyles. – European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians. – European diseases, such as smallpox, killed many more than half of American Indians
Columbian Exchange New World Old World cattle
WHII.4d) Competition for colonies • Impact of the Columbian Exchange – Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves. – Slavery was based on race. – European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment.
WHII.4d) Competition for colonies • Export of precious metals – Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia – Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas – Impact on Spain and international trade (Gold from the Americas makes Spain rich and #1 in the world)
WHII.4d) Competition for colonies • Triangular Trade – Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas – Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded. rum sugar slaves
The discovery of the Americas by Europeans resulted in an exchange of products and resources between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. WHII.4d) ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS WRAP-UP
The student will apply social science skills to understand of the impact of the European Age of Exploration by • e) defining and describing how the Scientific Revolution led to social and technological changes that influenced the European view of the world.
WHII.4e Scientific Revolution • Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
WHII.4e) Pioneers • Nicolaus Copernicus developed heliocentric theory. • Johannes Kepler discovered planetary motion. • Galileo Galilei used telescope to support heliocentric theory. • Isaac Newton formulated law of gravity. • William Harvey discovered circulation of the blood.
Ptolemy Ptolemy and Aristotle The Geocentric Theory Aristotle
Nicholas Copernicus The Copernican view of the universe
GEOCENTRIC VS. HELIOCENTRIC
Galileo Galilei “The Leaning Tower of Pisa” Galileo experiments with gravity
Galileo Galilei Starry Messenger Galileo’s Telescope Galileo on trial before The Inquisition
Johannes Kepler Elliptic Orbits
Rene Descartes The Discourse on Method
Francis Bacon “Scientific Method” Cambridge University
Scientific Method • Inductive reasoning by making: • Careful systematic observations • Producing quality facts • Making generalizations • Gathering additional data • Repeat • Ex: is bacon delicious?
Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton • Invented Calculus • Developed “Laws of Motion and Gravitation” • Write Principia • “Invented” Optics • President of the Royal Society • Developed improved telescope
William Harvey The circulation of blood
Other notable: Robert Boyle “Father of Chemistry”? • Attacks the theory of four elements • Critic of “Alchemy” • Wrote The Skeptical Chymist • His theories on the behaviors of gas are still in use today
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