EMF Electromagnetic fields and Workers safety Index 1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Wavecontrol

Human exposure to EMF

Electromagnetic fields and Workers’ safety

Index

1 Introduction to EMF 2 EMF health effects 3 Standards and normative 4 Applications and sectors 5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment 6 Measurement in the field - examples 7 Measurement demo

EMF: what is it?

They are invisible and perfectly silent: if you live in an area with electrical power and mobile phone service, some level of artificial (man-made) EMF is surrounding you. There are two types of EMF Natural EMFs - We are surrounded by these : The earth produces an electromagnetic field (EMF), The human body does as well. These are extremely low frequency ELF’s. In fact, scientific research has demonstrated that every cell in your body may have it’s own EMF, helping to regulate important functions and keep you healthy. Natural EMFs or ELF’s are low in intensity; for example, a healthy human body resonates with the earth's magnetic field at around 10 hertz. Artificial EMFs - we are surrounded by theses too. These are “man-made” and emanate from all things electrical and electronic. Everything from hairdryers and mobile phones to high voltage wires, to the mains cable running around building - they all create EMFs. Some are stronger than others and some studies have been shown them disturb the human body’s natural energetic field with variable effects. Fact: We’re exposed to 100 million times greater artificial EMF radiation than our grandparents were, and that exposure grows each year.

what makes EMF?

An electromagnetic field (EMF) is made of: an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field: Created by electric charges, or voltage (the force of the electricity) Always there when an appliance is plugged in (even if the appliance is turned off) Can be shielded or blocked by metal housing and other barriers. Measured in units of hertz The magnetic field Created by moving electric charges (electric current) Only there when the appliance is operating (when current is flowing) Hard to shield: can penetrate steel, concrete and human bodies (human bodies have the same permeability as air when it comes to magnetic fields, which is why x-rays work so well). The more powerful the current is, the more powerful the magnetic field it creates Measured in units of gauss (G), Tesla or A/m.

Characteristics of a wave

Wave length (λ). It

is the distance between two consecutive peaks. It is measured in units of length (meters, for example)

Period (T).

It is the time required for the oscillation movement

• f the wave to describe a

complete cycle

Frequency (f).

It is the number of complete cycles elapsed per unit of time (in a second, for example)

Electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which propagate through space, transporting energy from one place to another. These waves do not need a material means to propagate (they can do it in a vacuum)

Laws and equations

Sources of EMF

The number of sources of EMFs has grown significantly over the past 30 years

Index

1 Introduction to EMF 2 EMF health effects 3 Standards and normative 4 Applications and sectors 5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment 6 Measurement in the field - examples 7 Measurement demo

Who is taking care of EMF?

ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection WHO: World Health Organization IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Low frequencies (1 Hz – 100 kHz) – biological effects

Neurobehavior

• Perception of surface electric charge
• Stimulation of myelinated nerve fibres of the human peripheral nervous system

(PNS)

• Stimulation of myelinated nerve fibers of the central nervous system (CNS)
• Stimulation of muscle tissue
• Induction of phosphenes in the electrically excitable cells in the retina
• Indirect scientific evidence that brain functions such as visual processing and

motor co-ordination can be transiently affected by induced electric fields

Low frequencies – biological effects

Neurodegenerative disorders

• Some reports suggest that people employed in electrical occupations might

have an increased risk for ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

• So far only one residential study is available, indicating an increased risk for

Alzheimer’s disease after long-term exposure, but based on very small numbers

• f cases
• Overall, the evidence for the association between low frequency exposure and

Alzheimer´s disease and ALS is inconclusive.

Low frequencies – biological effects

Cardiovascular disorders

• hazardous cardiovascular effects associated with low frequency fields are

unlikely to occur at exposure levels commonly encountered environmentally or

• ccupationally.

Low frequencies – biological effects

Cancer

• Research has suggested that there may be a weak association between the

higher levels of exposure to residential 50-60 Hz magnetic fields and childhood leukemia risk, although it is unclear whether it is causal.

• Overall, in contrast to the epidemiological evidence of an association between

childhood leukemia and prolonged exposure to power frequency magnetic fields, the animal cancer data, particularly those from large-scale lifetime studies, are almost universally negative.

Low frequencies – Summary

Accute effects

• There are a number of well established acute effects of exposure to low-

frequency EMFs on the nervous system: the direct stimulation of nerve and muscle tissue and the induction of retinal phosphenes. There is also indirect scientific evidence that brain functions such as visual processing and motor co-

• rdination can be transiently affected by induced electric fields.

Chronic effects

• WHO’s cancer research institute, IARC (International Agency for Research on

Cancer), evaluated low frequency magnetic fields in 2002 and classified them in category 2 B, which translates to “possibly carcinogenic to humans”. The basis for this classification was the epidemiologic results on childhood leukemia.

High frequencies (100 kHz – GHz)

Biological effects

• Exposure to electromagnetic fields at frequencies above about 100 kHz

can lead to significant absorption of energy and temperature increases.

High frequencies (100 kHz – GHz)

Regarding absorption of energy, EMF can be divided into four ranges:

• From about 100 kHz to less than about 20 MHz: absorption in the trunk

decreases rapidly with decreasing frequency, significant absorption may

• ccur in the neck and legs.
• From about 20 MHz to 300 MHz: relatively high absorption can occur in the

whole body, and even higher values if partial body (e.g., head) resonances are considered.

• From about 300 MHz to several GHz, at which significant local, nonuniform

absorption occurs.

• Above about 10 GHz: energy absorption occurs primarily at the body

surface.

Static fields (0 – 1 Hz)

Direct effects:

• Induction of electrical ‘flow’ potentials across blood vessels due to the

movement of electrolytes in the blood

• Forces on paramagnetic and diamagnetic components of tissues
• Changes in chemical reactions due to altered spin chemistry
• Deflection of ionic currents due to magnetic (Lorentz) force.

Static fields (0 – 1 Hz)

Movement-induced effects: When the static magnetic field exceeds 2 T, the movement-induced electric field in the head may be high enough to:

• Evoke vertigo
• Nausea
• Visual sensations (magnetophosphenes)
• Metallic taste in the mouth
• Possibility of acute neurocognitive effects, with subtle changes in attention,

concentration and visuospatial orientation

Indirect coupling mechanisms

Two indirect coupling mechanisms have been reported:

• Contact currents that result when the human body comes into contact with

an object at a different electric potential.

• Coupling of EMF to medical devices worn by, or implanted in, an individual.

Index

1 Introduction to EMF 2 EMF health effects 3 Standards and normative 4 Applications and sectors 5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment 6 Measurement in the field - examples 7 Measurement demo

ICNIRP

• ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.
• It aims to protect people and the environment against adverse effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR).
• ICNIRP develops and disseminates science-based advice and guidelines on limiting exposure to non-

ionizing radiation.

ICNIRP guidelines

ICNIRP 98 and 2010 guidelines for Electric field ICNIRP 98 and 2010 guidelines for Magnetic field

European Union EMF framework

Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC

• f 12 July 1999

General public Occupational safety

Council Directive 89/391/EEC (Framework Directive)

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU

...

20th directive

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU

Not only Europe ✓ United States: IEEE, FCC, OSHA ✓ China ✓ Russia ✓ Japan ✓ Australia ✓ Rest of the world: usually ICNIRP

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels

Low and High Action Levels for Electric field

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0,1 1 10 100

Frequency (Hz) E (kV/m)

E field - 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)

Low ALs High ALs ICNIRP Reference levels

Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric fields from 1 Hz to 10MHz

Frequency range

Electric field strength Low ALs (E)[Vm -1 ] (RMS) Electric field strength High ALs (E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)

ICNIRP (V/m) 1 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,0 × 104 2,0 × 10 4 2,0 × 10 4 25 ≤ f < 50 Hz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 4 5,0 × 10 5 /f 50 Hz ≤ f < 1,64 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 6 /f 5,0 × 10 5 /f 1,64 ≤ f < 3 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 6,1 × 10 2 5,0 × 10 5 /f 3 kHz ≤ f ≤10 MHz 1,7 × 10 2 6,1 × 10 2 1,7 × 10 2

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

Frequency (Hz) B (uT)

H field 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)

Low ALs High ALs ICNIRP Reference levels Table B2. ALs for exposure to magnetic fields from 1 Hz to 10 MHz

Frequency range Magnetic flux density Low ALs(B)[µT] (RMS) Magnetic flux density High ALs(B) [µT] (RMS) ICNIRP [µT] 1 ≤ f < 8 Hz 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2 8 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,5 × 10 4 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,5 × 10 4 /f 25 ≤ f < 300 Hz 1,0 × 10 3 3,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 3 300 Hz ≤ f < 3 kHz 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2

Low and High Action Levels for Magnetic field

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels

High, Low and Limb Action Levels for Magnetic field

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels

Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 100 kHz to 300 GHz.

Frequency range Electric field strength ALs(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS) Magnetic flux density ALs(B) [µT] (RMS) Power density ALs(S) [Wm -2 ] ICNIRP (V/m) 100 kHz ≤ f < 1 MHz 6,1 × 102 2,0 × 106 /f

• 6,1 × 102

1 ≤ f < 10 MHz 6,1 × 108/f 2,0 × 106 /f

• 6,1 × 108/f

10 ≤ f < 400 MHz 61 0,2

• 61

400 MHz ≤ f < 2 GHz 3 × 10-3 f ½ 1,0 × 10-5 f ½

• 3 × 10-3 f ½

2 ≤ f < 6 GHz 1,4 × 102 4,5 × 10-1

• 137

6 ≤ f ≤ 300 GHz 1,4 × 102 4,5 × 10-1 50 137

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 10 100 1000

Frequency (MHz) E (V/m)

E field 100 kHz to 300 GHz (ICNIRP = ALs)

ALs (E) ICNIRP Reference levels

Introduction: International Standards

American

IEEE C95.1 – 2005 IEEE C95.1 – 2010 IEEE C95.1-2345 – 2014 IEEE C95.3 – 2002 IEEE C95.3.1 – 2010 IEEE C95.6 – 2002 IEEE C95.7 – 2005 FCC/OET Bulletin 65

Chinese

GB – 8702 -2014

Japanese

JIS C1910:2004

Canadian

Safety Code 6

Europe

EN 50499

Workers Exposure Assessment

EN 50413

Human Exposure Assessment

International

ICNIRP Guidelines CENELEC International Electro technical Commission 2013/35/EU

European Directive

Introduction: Main Normative

Railway

EN50519

Energy Welding Induction Heating (LF)

TELECOMUNICATIONS

Wireless Telecom Networks Broadcast

IEC/EN 62110 EN50500 EN 50505 EN50444 IEC 62577 EN 50475 EN 50476 EN 50496 EN 55554 IEC 62232 EN 50400 EN 50401 EN 50492

Medical

IEC 60601 IEC/EN 62311

Electronic/Electrical Equipment

IEC/EN 62233 EN 50366

Household Appliances RFID/EAS

EN50364 EN 50357 IEC/EN 62369-1 … and many other standards/laws all around the world …

Index

1 Introduction to EMF 2 EMF health effects 3 Standards and normative 4 Applications and sectors 5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment 6 Measurement in the field - examples 7 Measurement demo

Applications: Where?

Working Environment Categories

• Category I:

Action levels will/may not be exceeded Employers need to assess non-standard situations

• Category II:

Action level may be exceeded Employers must assess EMF strengths

• Category III:

Action level will be exceeded Exposure Limit Value may be exceeded Employers must assess EMF strengths Action Levels ELV Category I Category II Category III

Working Environment: Category I

Action levels will/may not be exceeded. Employers need to assess non-standard situations

Equipment and use Offices: computer equipment, cable networks, phones,… Household and similar electrical appliances Electric installation:

• low voltage network < 1000 V
• low voltage components with power < 200 kVA
• power transformers connected to low voltage networks

Electric motors and electric pumps with power being lower than 200 kVA Testing instruments Mobile telephones Audio and video equipment Lighting equipment

Working Environment: Category I

Equipment and use Installation and maintenance of electric hand-held tools Detection of articles and people

• EAS 0.8 – 2.5 GHz (non-linear microwaves)
• RFID 1 Hz - 500 kHz
• RFID 2 - 30 MHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)
• RFID 850 - 950 MHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)
• RFID 2.45 and 5.8 GHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)
• hand-held metal detectors
• EAS-deactivators

Working Environment: Category II

Action level may be exceeded Employers must assess EMF strengths Category II-a (yellow color): only brief instructions are needed, e.g. keeping a safe distance. Category II-b (orange color): technical actions as shielding the radiation source, placing a fence or placing warning signs will be required. Equipment and use Detection of articles and people

• EAS 0.01 - 20 kHz (magnetic)
• EAS 20 - 135 kHz (resonant inductive)
• EAS 1 - 20 MHz (radio frequency resonant inductive)
• Metal detectors
• RFID – systems (transmitting power> 2 W or duty cycle > 0.05)

Working Environment: Category II

Equipment and use Dielectric heating

• Plastic sealers
• Wood gluing equipment

Electricity production and distribution

• Power stations
• Air cooled coils in capacitor banks

Electrochemical processes

• Current supply systems (bus bars)
• Electrolysis hall

Induction heating

• With open coils
• Larger furnaces

Welding

• Arc welding - cable
• Arc welding – electrode holder

Working Environment: Category II

Equipment and use Medical applications

• MRI - scanning
• Short wave and microwave diathermy
• Deep hyperthermia
• Electro-surgery

Microwave drying Transport and haulage systems

• Rail transport powered by alternating current (50 Hz; HSLs)

Transmitters

• Base stations for mobile telephony (GSM, UMTS)
• TETRA transmitters in masts
• TETRA transmitters on vehicles, power 10 W
• WLL systems
• Beam transmitters
• Small broadcasting transmitters (on roofs)
• Amateur radio transmitters
• Radar systems (navigational)

Working Environment: Category II

Equipment and use Other working environments

• Tape erasers
• Radio frequency and microwave lighting
• Non-destructive magnetic testing

Working Environment: Category III

This category contains all the working environments where extensive measures will be needed Action level will be exceeded, exposure Limit Value may be exceeded Employers must assess EMF strengths

Equipment and use Electrochemical process:

• Rectifiers

Induction heating

• Smaller smelting furnaces (alloying)

Welding

• Spot and induction welding, semi-automated

Medical applications:

• MRI - intervention activities

Transmitters

• Large broadcasting transmitters

Index

1 Introduction to EMF 2 EMF health effects 3 Standards and normative 4 Applications and sectors 5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment 6 Measurement in the field - examples 7 Measurement demo

21 years

(since 1997)

Introduction: highlights

+60 countries +2500

delivered instruments

5

continents

ISO 17025

accredited calibration lab

ISO 9001

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LabCal Wavecontrol

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scope.

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Introduction: Distribution Network

Distribution Network

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MonitEM-Lab: How does it work?

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Visual Alarm Audible Alarm

AREA TO MONITOR

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plants EMF Sources:

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EMF sources BTS antennas, broadcasting antennas, power lines, and more. MonitEM Sensitive areas to be monitored. Control Center Reception, recording, data analysis, visualization, and Reporting

MonitEM: How it works?

WWW

http:// public access to data available

MonitEM: Control Center

Wearable Adjustable Threshold Levels Isotropic and RMS Measurements Electric and Magnetic Fields Autonomy 1 month battery autonomy >1 000 000 events data log

WaveMon: Personal Protective Monitor

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Weighted response to international standards: ICNIRP, EU Directive, FCC, SC6. 6 LEDs for EMF level indication GPS and Altimeter (optional)

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Index

1 Introduction to EMF 2 EMF health effects 3 Standards and normative 4 Applications and sectors 5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment 6 Measurement in the field - Examples 7 Conclusions

Index

1 Introduction to EMF 2 EMF health effects 3 Standards and normative 4 Applications and sectors 5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment 6 Measurement in the field - Examples 7 Conclusions

✓ The natural world, including your body, produces electromagnetic fields. But these fields are low in intensity. Technology produces much more intense electromagnetic fields, and these fields can cause health risks. You cannot see or hear them. But if you live where there is cell phone service or power lines, for example, you are exposed to artificial EMFs. ✓ To comply with the standards and regulations, it’s necessary to perform an EMF

• assessment. This assessment has to follow three stages:

✓ Exposure assessment. ✓ Risk assessment. ✓ Action plan.