PARTICULARITIES OF ECOLOGICAL RISKS IN THE NORTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ РИСКОВ НА СЕВЕРЕ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ 5 Elena Volkova Institute for Monitoring of climatic and ecological systems SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia (elevolko@yandex.ru)
Western Siberia is one of the largest plains in the world, it stretches for almost 2500 km from north on south and 2000 km from west on east, with the area of around 3 million km 2 . Northern territory occupies 70% from Western Siberia. northern The territory of Western Siberia can be divided into three major regions, by the degree of probability of central ecologically dangerous situations: northern central southern southern.
Large enterprises of the energy production sector, ferrous metal industry, oil-and-gas production, petrochemical and nuclear industry are located here. They, taken both separately and together, present real threat to environment and population living in it. Only in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region, the area of petropolluted lands makes up over 35 thousand hectares, over 500 of oil torches burn away over 6 bln cub.m. of oil gas, over 4000 of emergency oil leakages occurs in the oil pipeline systems annually. Further growth of anthropogenic pressure on the region ecosystems can lead to a regional ecological catastrophe.
Ecological risk is a probability of cumulative demonstration of dangerous and catastrophic consequences of anthropogenic influence on the socioecological systems of the territory, in the conditions of considerable uncertainties between the elements of environment and society. The basic ecological risks: environmental risks; health risks. Ecological risk ER can be defined as a multiplication of probability of a dangerous event or process connected with anthropogenic activity of man (P), by the magnitude of expected damage (Q) , where the damage is equal to the consequences of harmful anthropogenic or natural impact expressed in monetary form: ER = P × Q
Criteria of the beginning natural and Some probability of a dangerous event or antropogenic risk on the northern territory of process on the Western Siberia territory Western Siberia Dangerous Relative frequency per year events Meaning of risk factor Factors of risk Average Forest fire 50 … 200 for Critical By critical Damage on a 50 … 100 Western situation situation pipeline Siberia Bio-social state of 50 … 150 Time interval 70 - 90 70 - 30 70-90 with 10 0 C, emergency days/per year 10 -6 … 10 -7 Radio-active Soil freezing, m 1-3,5 3,5-5 1-2 damage The ravining 2-5 more 5 2-5 Strong wind, 40 … 60 depths, m /per hurricane year Consequences of harmful anthropogenic or Strong wind, m 20-25 more 25 15-20 natural impact expressed in monetary form /per second Pollutant more 10 5-10 0,1 Property damage dollars emissions into atmosphere, ton Technogenic 5 000 /per km 2 emergency Specific gravity more 90 75-90 30 Bio-social state of 600 of sewage emergency waters, % Natural state of 1000 Accident rate more 10 10 26 emergency
In the northern area oil-and-gas industry facilities are most significant and sometimes the only sources of man’s influence on the environment. Ecological risks on this territory are high enough. Major factors of negative impact on the environment, when conducting exploration, preparation and production works on the oil and gas fields and pipelines, are the following: pollutant emissions into atmosphere; q influence of sewage waters on land forms and q natural water formations; mechanical disturbances of soils and soil covers; q changing of established conditions of heat-and- q moisture exchange on the surface of permanently frozen beds; changing of hydrological and hydro-geological q conditions of the territory; impact on flora and fauna. q activization of cryogenic processes, increase of q degassing.
The wetlands are typical for northern territory. Negative consequences are amplified by the conditions of swamping and permafrost, where the slightest impact on the environment sometimes causes enormous damage, as the processes of landscape transformations much faster than in other territories.
Large administrative formations located on the northern territory of Western Siberia – Yamalo-Nenetskiy and Khanty-Manciyskiy autonomous national areas, Tujmenj, Tomsk oblasts. The difficulty in controlling ecological risks consists in complex Salehard scheme of responsibility sharing Yamalo-Nenetskiy ANA between the federative subjects, as each of the administrative divisions has its own local budget and own Khanty-Manciyskiy ANA ecological normative-legislative base. Surgut As a result, it is difficult to calculate Khanty Manciysk - ecological risks and to organize the works on the liquidation of consequences of ecological disasters Tomsk for the entire Western Siberia region. Yujmenj
Ecological risks on northern territory of Western Siberia depend on conditions of the natural environment in many respects. Natural and weather conditions here are non-favorable for the population. In the north they are extremely adverse. Map shows geographic areas in Tomsk oblast with different environmental condition for life activity. j a k . s Stregevoy d o r o j g a 0 Larjegan . i k y a s a Valjginkinak r . n k Lukas hkin Jar n T s . Aleksandrovskoe i Pokovskiy Jagan z v a i a g N t r a a Y V . Nazino a y k i k l i s g n v a e S . Novonikolaevskoe i . K Molodegnyi Tym . Kievskiy a k v Berezovka o . Us t-Tym l r n u g a O V a s . Middle Vas ugan Ob . New Tevriz Nurolka . Sos novka Vasugan Kargasok Kelvat . . Centeralny Ket . Big Griva Salat . New Vas ugan Parabel E . g o . l j a h Lis isa Parabel Ket . White Jar Togur . . h Kolpashevo c Shigapka l i e m O m u u j l U . Chasemto k i z Chuljm u Chaj h l u C j a С onditions for habitation . k Podgornoy . h Baturino c . lake Mirnoj Mogochino i White Jar . h Kedrovyi C . . Pervopashins k . Molchanovo . Cenrtepoligon Emeljdga Optimum on interfluve Bakchar . Koms omols k . Teguldet b i g . Krivos heino r . Beregaevo a P Favourable conditions on watershed . . . . Red Jar Pervomais koe Chet-Kontorka Iksa a Shegarka . As ino m Bakchar r a . Ujuks a d Limited favourable conditions on flood-lands . . Zurjanskoe n Itatka A . Samus . . Morjakovs ki Zaton T . o . . Limited favourable conditions on meadows Melnikovo m . Tomsk . Timirazevo . Kaftanchikovo Unfavourable on low land . Kogevnikovo Ob . Jar Bad on the shallow of water Chilino . . Bazoy
In the north of Western Siberia, general health of the population, according to many generalized systematic indicators, is poor, which testifies to negative processes in the environment. The medical-geographical analysis of the population disease rates reveals regional heterogeneity: the integrated general disease rate indicators in separate territories show 1000-7500 diseases for each 100 000 of the population. Of all types and classes of diseases, about 20% is connected with environment and its contamination.
In the north of Western Siberia, about 2 million people live in conditions of raised concentrations of weighed substances in the air, and 10% of them are affected by the concentrations of harmful substances exceeding maximum permissible levels. Table shows connection of environment factors and main diseases. Class of diseases The environment factors Circulation of the Atmospheric air pollution by chemical element; composition and rigidity of the blood diseases drinking water; territory endemicity on trace elements; foodstuff contamination by pesticides. Respiratory Atmospheric air pollution by chemical element, dust, sulfur and carbon monoxide; apparatus diseases speed of weather changing; air pollution by pesticides. Gastrointestinal Foodstuff and water contaminations by chemical weed-killers; territory endemicity on diseases trace elements; atmospheric air pollution by chemical element, especially sulfur dioxide. Endocrine diseases Atmospheric air pollution by chemical element, especially monoxide; heavy metals pollution. Blood diseases Territory endemicity on chrome, cobalt, iron; foodstuff and water contaminations by pesticides and nitrates. Allergic diseases Air pollution; composition and rigidity of the drinking water. Skin diseases Deficit or abundance of trace elements in environment; atmospheric air pollution by chemical element in combination with natural factors. Malignant Atmospheric air pollution by carcinogens; hypertoxicity; composition and rigidity of neoplasms the drinking water; high radiation; foodstuff contamination by pesticides and nitrates.
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