Electricity in Italy, the UK and Spain lessons learnt and future directions A seminar from IVA’s Electricity Crossroads project. Electricity update from Europe technology, market & regulation: the case of Italy Maurizio Delfanti maurizio.delfanti@polimi.it Politecnico di Milano Department of Energy
Index 2 • Italian electricity scenario • RES-E support schemes: principles and results • Technical issues for T&D networks: innovative requirements for DG technical connection rules • Regulation-driven projects / innovations: smart distribution grids storage operated by TSO evolution of dispatching incl DSO M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
The Italian Electricity System: 3 2014 provisional data by Terna Energy supplied 309,0 TWh National net Production 267,6 TWh % of Net production % of Supplied Agriculture Traditional sources 2% 2% 151,0 TWh 57% 57% Pumps 1,7 Thermal 149,3 (gas 62%; coal 26%) Industry Olio (2%) 42% 42% Renewable sources Carbone (15%) 116,6 TWh Gas naturale (38%) Altro (6%) 43% 43% Hydro* 56,4 (48%) Geothermal 5,5 (5%) Wind 15,0 (13%) Household 22% 22% Photovoltaic 23,3 (20%) Bioenergies 16,4 (14%) * Natural inflows hydro production, Services 34% Net import: 43,7 TWh Import 46,7 Export 3,0 Pumping 2,3 TWh Consumption • Thermal production is the most important source (56%) Other Oil 5% 2% o recent renewal of thermal generation assets Solar 44% o gas covers about 45% of the overall generated energy 9% Coal 14% Hydro o most from modern, efficient CCGT plants 21% • Renewable Energy Sources (RES) contribute for the 44% Bioenergy to the overall balance 6% Gas 35% Geotherm 56% Wind al M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015 6% 2%
The Italian Electric System: 4 the electric demand o 2014 electric demand: • 309 TWh total energy • 51.6 GW peak power (installed: 120 GW) o Demand still below the values ante-2008 worldwide financial crisis: • 2007 peak power 57 GW o Significant seasonality of electric demand: • winter and summer peak • summer peak getting higher • low demand periods: spring august M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
c € /kWh …it is an indirect incentive to use RES for self-consumption of electrical energy bill, and continue to increase … In Italy network costs + general system charges are more than 35% 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 8 for a household consumer Percentage composition of the electricity price I… II III IV I… 5,5 3,80 1,00 1,94 12,27 6,3 3,01 0,94 1,94 12,16 6,4 3,01 0,97 1,95 12,29 energia e approvvigionamento Production and supply 6,5 3,01 0,97 1,96 12,42 6,6 2,96 1,03 1,98 12,62 M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015 II III IV I… 6,8 2,96 1,04 1,99 12,83 7,2 2,96 0,69 1,99 12,83 7,7 2,96 0,69 2,05 13,39 7,6 2,96 1,12 2,08 13,73 II III IV I… 8,3 2,96 1,14 2,15 14,51 8,8 2,96 1,38 2,22 15,35 8,9 2,96 1,48 2,25 15,60 8,6 3,10 1,65 2,25 15,60 II III IV I… 8,5 3,10 1,65 2,24 15,53 9,0 2,64 1,61 2,24 15,53 9,4 2,64 1,61 2,27 15,91 10,2 2,39 1,63 2,33 16,51 II III IV I… 11,0 2,39 1,41 2,39 17,19 costi di rete charges Network 11,7 2,39 1,41 2,46 17,93 11,9 2,39 1,33 2,47 18,07 11,0 2,49 1,23 2,39 17,15 II III IV I… 10,7 2,49 1,23 2,36 16,80 10,4 2,51 1,36 2,34 16,63 10,4 2,51 1,36 2,34 16,63 10,2 2,50 1,30 2,31 16,26 oneri generali di sistema charges General system II III IV I… 9,6 2,50 1,40 2,26 15,76 9,4 2,50 1,51 2,25 15,68 9,3 2,52 1,56 2,25 15,59 9,4 2,49 1,47 2,24 15,57 II III IV I… 9,5 2,49 1,90 2,30 16,18 9,5 2,49 2,17 2,33 16,49 9,4 2,49 2,25 2,33 16,49 10,0 2,56 2,38 2,38 17,28 II ** 10,9 2,56 3,10 2,54 19,09 IIIIV I… II IIIIV I… II III 10,9 2,56 3,16 2,55 19,13 11,0 2,56 3,27 2,57 19,40 10,4 2,77 3,44 2,55 19,13 imposte 10,0 2,78 3,64 2,53 18,94 Taxes 10,2 2,77 3,64 2,55 19,20 5 10,0 2,77 3,71 2,54 19,05 9,8 2,82 3,98 2,55 19,19 9,4 3,00 4,07 2,53 18,98 9,3 3,00 4,10 2,53 18,97
Index 6 • Italian electricity scenario • RES-E support schemes: principles and results • Technical issues for T&D networks: innovative requirements for DG technical connection rules • Regulation-driven projects / innovations: smart distribution grids storage operated by TSO evolution of dispatching incl DSO M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
Italian instruments operated by GSE 7 to achieve the RES targets • GSE promotes the development of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in Italy, by granting economic incentives and supporting policy makers. RES sector Support schemes Other measures • Market access • Green Certificates (phasing out) • Feed in tariff & Feed in premium services for RES RES-E • Net metering • Services for grid • Tax exemption (not by GSE…) integration • Certifications (Guarantees of • Grants: “Heating Account” Origin) • White Certificates RES-H • Technical Regulation • Fiscal Incentives • Innovation for • EU ETS (indirect) administrative simplification • Monitoring, controlling and • Blending obligation RES-T reporting • EU ETS (aviation) • Training and information M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
RES-E statistics: 8 RES capacity and production • Huge growth of PV in a few years (end 2014: 18,5 GW ); continued growth of wind (end 2014: 8,6 GW ); recently, remarkable growth of small biogas plants • National cumulative burden charged on the customers’ bills (max: 2016): around 15 billion € per year M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
RES-E in the market: 9 Impact on wholesale prices (yearly average per hour) Ratio between Hourly price and PUN PUN electricity average Impact on tariffs of the RES incentives: price (nation-wide): ~50 € /MWh • 2011: 72,23 € /MWh • 2012: 75,47 € /MWh • 2013: 62,99 € /MWh • 2014: 52,25 € /MWh • The strong RES penetration has significantly changed the energy price profile • A peak-shaving effect can be observed, driven by the high PV generation during the day • A price increase during the evening hours can be observed, where the thermal production is prevalent M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
Reverse power flow time (RPFT): 10 annual data 2010 ÷ 2013 Source: Enel Distribuzione High Voltage 150 kV 20 kV Number of HV/MV RPFT > 1% RPFT > 5% transformers Medium Voltage Reverse power flow: the energy flows from MV network to HV network. Reverse Power-flow Time (RPFT) indicator: the percentage of yearly time in which energy flows from MV to HV in a given PS (1-5%). When the energy produced by DG is higher than the energy consumed by end users connected to the same MV distribution network, the network protection and automation techniques are at stake. M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
Index 11 • Italian electricity scenario • RES-E support schemes: principles and results • Technical issues for T&D networks: innovative requirements for DG technical connection rules • Regulation-driven projects / innovations: smart distribution grids storage operated by TSO evolution of dispatching incl DSO M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
Technical issues 12 for T&D networks • The system/network architecture was chosen when RES/DG were rare; this can lead to several technical issues today (and in the next years): RES: new challenges for TSOs the system shall become more flexible (generation dispatching; producers) RES/DG: new challenges for TSOs constraints are mainly related to the automatic frequency disconnection of DG plants RES/DG: new challenges for DSOs constraints are mainly related to reverse power flow voltage regulation and poor performance of Interface Protection Relays • A revision is required: Distribution network management (grids from “ passive ” to “ active ”) ; Distribution network protection and control devices. Transmission network is affected too … M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
Actions undertaken in Italy by the TSO (+CEI) 13 since end 2011 New Annexes to the Grid Code dedicated to RES were issued: Annex A.70 (approved by AEEG, R.O. 84/2012/R/eel – 8 th Mar 2012); • extends some existing HV rules to the PV plants (DG on MV and LV), prescribes the protection schemes to be adopted, includes retrofitting of existing DG units (MV, over 50 kW) Annex A.72 (approved by AEEG, R.O. 344/2012/R/eel – 2 nd Aug 2012); • all RES fed DG (P>50 kW, MV connected) become curtailable on a TSO command (includes new & existing DG units!) DG connected to main MV busbars are disconnected by DSOs (30 min) DG_PRO: other DG units are disconnected on advice by producers (days) MV & LV Connection Standards (enforced by AEEG) to be adopted for the new power plants (CEI 0-16 & CEI 0-21), were duly updated M. Delfanti – Stockholm, 18 March 2015
Recommend
More recommend
