Effects of Working Memory Training in Young and Older Adults Claudia - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Effects of Working Memory Training in Young and Older Adults Claudia von Bastian Claudia von Bastian von Bastian, Langer, Jäncke, & Oberauer (2013), Memory & Cognition, doi: 10.3758/s13421 ‐ 012 ‐ 0280 ‐ 7

Cognitive Training Cognitive Training 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 2

Training and Transfer Effects Training and Transfer Effects Transfer is the generalisation of improvements in a Transfer is the generalisation of improvements in a practiced tasks to other non ‐ practiced tasks. Transfer is expected, if practiced and non ‐ practiced tasks share expected, if practiced and non practiced tasks share underlying processes ( functional overlap ). Other Other abilities «functional overlap» 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 3

Training and Transfer Effects Training and Transfer Effects A basic cognitive ability which correlates positively with A basic cognitive ability which correlates positively with multiple other abilities would be an ideal candidate to induce broad transfer. induce broad transfer.  W  Working memory ki 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 4

Training and Transfer Effects Training and Transfer Effects Working Memory Capacity (WMC) P Problem solving bl l i … Intelligence WMC WMC Vocabulary learning V b l l i A Attention i Text comprehension Reading comprehension Storytelling Barrett, Tugade, & Engle (2004) ( ) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 5

Training and Transfer Effects Training and Transfer Effects T i i Training Working memory training tasks Near Transfer Untrained (structurally different) working memory tasks working memory tasks Far Transfer Different (but related) Different (but related) cognitive ability (e.g., reasoning) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 6

Empirical Evidence Empirical Evidence Can we get any smarter through training? Can we get any smarter through training? “ Yes, we can!” e.g., Borella, Carretti, Riboldi, & De Beni (2010); Jaeggi et al. (2008); Jaeggi et al. (2010); Jausovec & Jausovec (2012); Karbach & Kray (2009); Klingberg et al. (2005); Stepankova et al. (2014); … ( ); p ( ); “No, we can‘t.” , e.g., Chooi & Thompson (2012); Colom et al. (2010); Harrison et al. (2013), Holmes, Gathercole, & Dunning (2009); Nouchi et al. (2012); Owen et al. (2010); Redick, Shipstead, et al. (2013); … 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 7

Reasons for Inconsistencies Reasons for Inconsistencies Methodological issues Methodological issues • Lack of theory ‐ driven selection of training tasks • Single indicators to measure cognitive abilities Si l i di t t iti biliti • Lack of active control groups Does working WM training enhance fluid cognitive abilities with a methodological sound design? cf. Shipstead, Redick, & Engle (2012) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 8

Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Facet model of working memory capacity Facet model of working memory capacity Simultaneous Storage and Processing Storage and Processing maintenance and maintenance and manipulation WMC Relational Integration Shifting Oberauer et al (2000; 2003) Oberauer et al. (2000; 2003) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 9

Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Storage and Processing Storage and Processing Complex Span 89 62 6 9 Recall numbers: 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 10

Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Facet model of working memory capacity Facet model of working memory capacity Storage and Processing Storage and Processing Coordination of multiple Coordination of multiple WMC Relational Integration elements into new structures Shifting Oberauer et al (2000; 2003) Oberauer et al. (2000; 2003) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 11

Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Relational Integration Relational Integration Tower of Fame C D 6 A B 5  Brad Pitt lives two floors B d Pi li fl 4 Tom Cruise lives in: ??? Tom Cruise lives in above Tom Cruise in the 3 2  Brad Pitt lives in: ??? apartment 2A.  apartment to the right apartment to the right. 2 1 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 12

Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Facet model of working memory capacity Facet model of working memory capacity Storage and Processing Storage and Processing WMC Relational Integration Selective activation of Shifting relevant and inhibition of irrelevant representations irrelevant representations Oberauer et al (2000; 2003) Oberauer et al. (2000; 2003) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 13

Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Theory ‐ Driven Task Selection Shifting Shifting Task switching Round or angular? Round or angular? Green or blue? Green or blue? 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 14

Training WMC: Previous Results Training WMC: Previous Results Are there distinct transfer effects of training different Are there distinct transfer effects of training different facets of WMC? Storage and Processing g g Complex span Relational Integration g Coordination tasks Shifting g Task switching N = 121 ( M = 23 years) • 4 weeks, 20 sessions, each 30 ‐ 40 min. • Active Control randomized group assignment, double ‐ blinded g p g , • adaptive task difficulty Visual matching tasks • experimental control via web ‐ based • monitoring with Tatool Online von Bastian & Oberauer (2013) von Bastian & Oberauer (2013) Tatool: von Bastian, Locher, & Ruflin (2013) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 15

Training WMC: Previous Results Training WMC: Previous Results Are there distinct transfer effects of training different Are there distinct transfer effects of training different facets of WMC? Working Memory ↑ g y ↑ Reasoning ↑ No broad transfer (Binding ↑ ) Shifting ↑ g Reasoning ↑ von Bastian & Oberauer (2013) von Bastian & Oberauer (2013) Tatool: von Bastian, Locher, & Ruflin (2013) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 16

Maximising Transfer? Maximising Transfer? Multifunctional Training Working Memory ↑↑ Storage and Storage and Shifting ↑ ↑ Processing Binding ↑ Reasoning ↑ Reasoning ↑ An intervention maximising i i i i i Relational Shifting transfer would be most useful Integration to counteract cognitive decline to counteract cognitive decline in older age. 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 17

Goal of the Present Study Goal of the Present Study Investigating WM plasticity in young and old adults Investigating WM plasticity in young and old adults • Does training all three functional categories at once lead to broad transfer effects? lead to broad transfer effects? • Does training induce improved performance not only i in young, but also in old adults? b t l i ld d lt ? 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 18

Design Design Pre Cognitive Training Computer ‐ based Post Cognitive performance training performance assessment assessment assessment assessment T EEG (resting ‐ state, ERP) EEG (resting ‐ state, ERP) MRI and DTI MRI and DTI Resting ‐ state fMRI Resting ‐ state fMRI 4 weeks T1 T1 T2 T2 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 19

Method: Training Intervention Method: Training Intervention WM (young and old) Storage and processing Relational integration Relational integration Shifting Active control (young and old) Visual search Visual search Counting General knowledge n = 66 young ( M = 23 years), y g ( y ), n = 57 older adults ( M = 69 years) www tatool ch www.tatool.ch Tatool: von Bastian, Locher, & Ruflin (2013), Behavior Research Methods 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 20

Method: Active Control Training Method: Active Control Training Visual search Visual search 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 21

Method: Active Control Training Method: Active Control Training Counting Counting 333 22 666666 333 1 55555 2 4444 1 333 55555 2 4444 1 333 4444 1 666666 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 22

Method: Active Control Training Method: Active Control Training General Knowledge Quiz General Knowledge Quiz Which Australian animal feeds mostly on eucalyptus leaves? (1) Koala (2) Duckbill platypus (3) Kangaroo (4) Dingo 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 23

Method: Cognitive Assessment Method: Cognitive Assessment Training Training tasks Near transfer Structurally similar, but different material Intermediate transfer Same construct (working memory) n ‐ back and binding task Different construct (reasoning) Diff t t t ( i ) Far transfer Raven‘s APM (both young and old) BOMAT (only young) 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 24

Results: WM Training Gains Results: WM Training Gains Example: training gains for storage and processing Example: training gains for storage and processing 13 Young Old 11 ficulty 9 vel of diff 7 Le 5 3 1 1 5 10 15 20 Session Session 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 25

Results: Active Control Training Gains Results: Active Control Training Gains Example: training gains for quiz Example: training gains for quiz 14 Young Old 12 12 ficulty 10 evel of diff 8 6 Le 4 2 0 1 5 10 15 20 Session Session 17.11.2014 OWMW, Claudia von Bastian 26