Ecosystem Services Research Program Ecosystem Services Research Program Pollutant- -based studies: Nitrogen based studies: Nitrogen Pollutant July 14- -15, 2009 SAB presentation 15, 2009 SAB presentation July 14 Our goal: connect the effects of increasing connect the effects of increasing Our goal: reactive nitrogen to ecosystem services, reactive nitrogen to ecosystem services, in order to improve policy and management in order to improve policy and management related to nutrients. related to nutrients. 1
ESRP Organizational Matrix LTG 3 Pollutant- LTG 4 Ecosystem Specific LTG 5: Community Based Demonstration Projects: For National, Regional, Theme Leads Projects and Long term Goals → Specific Studies: 23% State and Local Decisions 28% Studies: 6% Coral Cross Program Coastal Nitrogen Wetlands Willamette Tampa Bay Mid-West Southwest Reefs Themes and Carolinas (6%) (22%) (11%) (4%) (4%) (1%) (5%) Research Objectives (8%) Ecosystem Services and Human Well- Laura Jackson Being (3%) Integration, Well- Wayne Munns-- Valuation of Being, Valuation, Consultation Ecosystem Services Decision Support, Committee Outreach and Education Decision Support LTG 1 Ann Vega (6%) 9% ESRP-N began as a row Outreach & Budgetary Information Education to Open and has expanded to ~$71M Landscape Anne integrate across columns, Characterization Neale and Mapping (12%) ~272 In-house scientists Inventory, Map, and particularly in LTG2. Forecast Ecosystem and support staff Inventory and Services at multiple scales Monitoring of Mike McDonald Services (14%) LTG 2 31% Tom Fontaine-- Modeling (5%) Consultation Committee Pollutant Specific Jana Studies Nitrogen (6%) Compton LTG 3 Eco-system Specific Studies Wetlands (22%) Janet Keough LTG 4 Randy Rick Linthurst Nita Rick Linthurst Project Area Jana Janet Bill David Bruins/ Deborah and Marc Russell Tallent- and Leads 2 Compton Keough Fisher Hammer Betsy Mangis Iris Goodman Halsell Iris Goodman Smith Hal Walker: Place Based Coordinator
Jim Latimer NHEERL Jim Latimer NHEERL- -AED AED Nitrogen Writing Nitrogen Writing Jason Lynch OAR Jason Lynch OAR- -CAMD CAMD & Implementation Team & Implementation Team Anne Rea OAR Anne Rea OAR- -OAQPS OAQPS Jana Compton NHEERL Jana Compton NHEERL- -WED WED Randy Waite OAR Randy Waite OAR- -OAQPS OAQPS Robin Dennis NERL Robin Dennis NERL- -RTP RTP Christine Davis OAR Christine Davis OAR- -OAQPS OAQPS Hal Walker NHEERL Hal Walker NHEERL- -AED AED Edward Dettmann NHEERL Edward Dettmann NHEERL- -AED AED Steve Jordan NHEERL Steve Jordan NHEERL- -GED GED Tara Greaver NCEA Tara Greaver NCEA Brian Hill NHEERL Brian Hill NHEERL- -MED MED Annie Neale NERL RTP Annie Neale NERL RTP Ken Fritz NERL Ken Fritz NERL- -Cinci Cinci Holly Campbell NHEERL Holly Campbell NHEERL- -WED WED Richard Devereux NHEERL Richard Devereux NHEERL- -GED GED NRC post- -doc doc NHEERL NRC post NHEERL- -WED WED Bryan Milstead NHEERL Bryan Milstead NHEERL- -AED AED Expert hire : John Harrison : John Harrison Expert hire Jake Beaulieu NRMRL Jake Beaulieu NRMRL- -Cinci Cinci Washington State University, Washington State University, 3 Vancouver, Washington Vancouver, Washington
Outline of presentation � Background � Background � Research directions and early results � Research directions and early results • Much new since 2008 SAB review • Implementation plan external review May 2009; Final version now in management approvals • National, Regional and Place-based work � Science needs and the end goals � Science needs and the end goals 4
Why Nitrogen and Ecosystem Services? � Nitrogen is a � Nitrogen is a NO x critical critical component of component of Energy production energy, food, energy, food, and fiber and fiber production, production, Food production benefiting benefiting humans in humans in many ways. many ways. People (food; fiber) 5 from Galloway et al. (2003)
Why Nitrogen and Ecosystem Services? Stratospheric Air � However, N effects � However, N Particulate N 2O Matter NO x effects Ozone is a major Greenhouse is a major effects effects N2O stressor for stressor for NH x NH 3 NO y NO x Energy production many many Land ecosystems. ecosystems. Forests & Grasslands NH x effects Agroecosystem NO y Plant Food NH x effects production Animal Crop N2O (terrestrial) Soil Soil Norganic Coastal NO 3 People effects (food; fiber) N2O Surface water (aquatic) effects Water Ocean effects Groundwater effects 6 from Galloway et al. (2003)
Why N and Ecosystem Services for EPA? � Air quality regulations � Air quality regulations • Currently National Ambient Air Quality Standards review process underway for secondary NOxSOx standard (current standards set in 1971) • Ecosystem service impacts included in risk assessment � Water quality regulations � Water quality regulations • Nitrogen in top 3 of stressors causing stream impairment • Nutrient criteria needed for many streams • Seasonal hypoxia, algal blooms, fisheries impact in many areas � EPA � EPA’ ’s SAB Integrated Nitrogen Committee s SAB Integrated Nitrogen Committee • Draft report calls for greater intra- and interagency cooperation • Ecosystem services viewed as one tool to improve management 7
Key question for ESRP-Nitrogen: How do we use nitrogen most efficiently to balance human needs with impacts on water, air and aquatic life? Hypothetical effect of N load on services Relative value + - Fisheries Crop production Carbon storage Water quality 8 N input to the landscape �
ESRP-N Conceptual External Drivers Population Growth Framework Climate, Nr, Globalization Land Use/Cover Greenhouse Gas Fine Particulates Biophysical Context Social Context Disturbance Regimes Community Human Behavior Structure Presses Individual Actions Species Composition Nutrient Loading Regulations & Incentives Biomass & Turnover Air, Water, & Soil Quality Markets, Technology Trophic Complexity Ozone Exposure Policy & Land Management Landscape Pattern Warming & Sea Level Rise Q6 Q1 Pulses Q2 Q5 Runoff & Discharge Hydrologic Alterations Human Outcomes Disease & Pest Outbreaks Ecosystem Drought, Fire, Storm, Flood, Quality of Life Human Health Function Economic Condition 1° and 2˚ Productivity Values Ecosystem Services Biogeochemical Cycles Erosion & Sedimentation Eutrophication Provisioning Q4 Q3 N / P Interactions Food, Fiber, & Fuel Clean Water & Air Regulating Climate Regulation Supporting Denitrification Habitat / Refugia Adapted from U.S. Long Term Cultural Ecological Research, Decadal Plan 9 Sense of Place (LTER 2007) Recreation, Aesthetics
ESRP-N “Road Map” Identify and bundle Maps of N loads Develop ESRFs Response of ES bundles Services (effects of drivers to mgmt/policy change Biodiversity (algae, lichens, alpine grasses) on ES) Far m pr oduction Wood pr oduction* Aquati c Producti on/eutr ophicati on Relative value Water quality Modeling 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 Mapping Decision Support Place-based Studies Decision Support Develop Ecological Response Functions Available relationships of sensitive ecosystems (e.g. Critical Loads, Indicators, TMDLs) Place-based System-based Create maps of At risk Studies Studies Ecosystems Terrestrial Wetlands Freshwater Monitoring Coastal (plus NCEA assessment and Corals OAR and Interagency work on 10 Critical Loads) Colored boxes identify work with other ESRP themes
ESRP-N Research Themes � National Scale Themes National Scale Themes � • Theme 1: Nutrient Loading (sources, flux and fate) • Theme 2: Identification of Services � Regional Scale Themes Regional Scale Themes � • Theme 3: Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Services • Theme 4: Tipping Points in Ecosystem Condition and Services Will include phosphorus where possible. We hope this work will inform management of other nutrients. 11
Theme 1 – N sources and removal � N sources at National Scale � N sources at National Scale • Deposition - CMAQ • Confined Animal Feedlots - Mapping • Fertilizers – with Mapping • Sewage Treatment Plants - Mapping � Modeling tools to estimate N removal � Modeling tools to estimate N removal • SPARROW (workshop fall 2009) • Global NEWS (with expert John Harrison) • Estuarine fate modeling (AED) 12
Human activities accelerated transfer of N from the atmosphere to biosphere Nitrogen fixed from atmosphere Fate of fixed N North America early 1990s 25 Tg N yr -1 Outputs ~40% Denitrified to N 2 Lightning * Rivers, Advection, ~45% * Commodities Non-Agricultural By difference Biol. N 2 fixation Fertilizers * *Greatest Uncertainties Fossil Fuel combustion Storage ~15% Agricultural * Plants, Soils, Biol. N 2 fixation Groundwater 13 Galloway et al. 2004 Biogeochemistry
FML and Mapping group Land use and N inputs • Better land use information and spatial resolution � better N accounting • Partition fertilizer application by crop type • National coverage 2011 14
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