Ea Early Warning Zones Pr Prof. Raul Sanchez-Re Reillo (o (on behalf alf of f Dr. Peter Wa Waggett) 1 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Gr Group O up Obj bjec ectiv ives es To Define Challenges Faced by Implementers of Early Warning Zone Systems To Define the ‘State of the Art’ for Contributing Technologies To Highlight Areas of Work Needed to Make EWZ’s Practical 2 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Ch Challenges Concept of Operation and Scenario’s for EWZ’s Capability of Biometric Technologies to contribute to EWZ’s Capabilities for AI to contribute to EWZ’s State of Standardization for EWZ technologies Data Protection Implications Implementation Check List for implementers of EWZ 3 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Co Concept of Operations s and Scenari rios With overt biometric sensors, counter methods can be 100% effective (e.g. running past a camera). ◦ For truly high-risk scenarios, timely detection of failure-to-capture is essential. Data describing the operational performance of systems is sparse and it’s difficult to make comparisons between different sources of information. Even with optimum performance settings, false alarm rates may be high. ◦ If it is used in a supporting role to a human-in-the-loop, it can be useful with acceptably low hindrance to the well-willing audience. ◦ However, the definition of what is acceptable hindrance from surveillance systems is very subjective, and is subject to active societal debate. 4 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Co Concept of Operations s and Scenari rios Concepts of operations with cooperating subjects and overt biometric sensors are more realistic. ◦ Uncooperating (i.e. neutral and hostile) subjects should be processed without the use of biometrics on the move. Supporting technologies (such as algorithms that determine relevant image quality metrics) are available, but these are not standardized. ◦ CI operators and their LEA’s typically have to custom build biometric black-list surveillance systems, which may lead to unexpected risks. The ERNCIP TG on EWZ believes that there will be a need to revisit black-list biometric surveillance in any future work in this space. ◦ This report may serve as inspiration for the development of relevant supporting technologies and standards. 5 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Bi Biometri ric Ca Capabilities Work covered: ◦ Analysis of target applications ◦ Overview of Biometric System Components and Biometric Modalities ◦ Summary of Presentation Attack Detection and Evaluation of Biometrics With this work the following partial conclusions have been obtained: ◦ For long distance recognition ( > 50m): ◦ Most of soft biometrics ◦ Physiological (e.g. height) and behavioral (e.g. movement tracking) ◦ Some adhered soft biometrics (e.g. clothing) ◦ Gait on video ◦ 2D Face ◦ Voice ◦ If considering cooperative environment: Gait on accelerometer or ECG 6 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Bi Biometri ric Ca Capabilities ◦ For recognition at vicinity (5m – 50m): ◦ In addition to long distance: ◦ 3D Face ◦ Adhere soft biometrics (e.g. visible tattoos) ◦ For Proximity Recognition ( < 5m): ◦ In addition to all others: ◦ Contactless fingerprint ◦ Iris on the move ◦ Vascular on the move 7 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Video Video and C and Cognit nitiv ive S e Sur urveillanc eillance AI-powered automated video (e.g. CCTV) surveillance plays important role in EWZs ◦ Machine learning (e.g. DNNs), data analytics and artificial cognition and perception ERNCIP studied main surveillance topics/challenges relevant to different EWZ use cases including ◦ Video analytics – e.g. re-identification, situational awareness and behaviour analysis/anomaly/threat detection ◦ Multisensor, multimodal fixed and aerial platforms ◦ Automatic deception detection, video archive search, 4D visualization as well as privacy considerations; benchmarking and standards. 8 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Video Video and C and Cognit nitiv ive S e Sur urveillanc eillance ENRCIP further identified significant academic, commercial and national and EU projects (e.g. DRS, CIP, FCT) addressing these topics ◦ However, remains significant gap between what is claimed by R&D community and what is actually endorsed by authoritative users w.r.t. performance, especially false alarm rates ERNCIP identified limitations and further R&D needed to attain level of maturity required for EWZ deployment ◦ Future research needed includes: advanced (unsupervised) machine learning and reasoning capability, multi sensor (identity-aware) tracking; new threat recognition approaches; advanced video data mining methodology; multimodal deception detection; new visualization (e.g. 4D) approaches; sensing; aerial surveillance platforms; etc. 9 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
St Stan andar ardiz ization ion C Challe allenge Standards are essential for interoperability, uniform quality in provision of services, reduction in costs, future-proofing and in enabling the EU security industry to be more competitive globally Multiple relevant standards bodies and working groups, including ISO, IEC, CEN and industry-led groups such as AFNOR and ONVIF. ◦ Scope of standards overlaps and are not always aligned Categories of standards considered are: ◦ alarm systems ◦ multimedia ◦ forensics ◦ video surveillance ◦ risk management ◦ biometrics 10 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
St Stan andar ardiz ization ion C Challe allenge Key standards currently in development: ◦ ISO IEC 30137 series: Use of biometrics with Video Surveillance Systems ◦ EN 62676 series: Video surveillance systems for use in security applications Still huge challenges to be addressed: ◦ Performance - A particular concern relates to the measurement and reporting of the performance of technologies in EWZ systems (both separately and in combination) and especially the lack of any EU wide certification scheme for surveillance systems ◦ Spoofing – Growing recognition of the problem, and in particular for EWZ applications, vulnerabilities with biometric recognition at range ◦ Sample quality – Known to have a big impact on performance but what is meant by quality in EWZ applications and how to measure it? ◦ Pace of change – Rapidly changing technology landscape means technical standards risk being obsolete before they are published 11 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Da Data Prot otection on Implication ons Operators implementing EWZ approach need to take deep attention on the balance between the “need-for-privacy” and the “need-for-public-security” , according to Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, the General Data Protection Regulation (Reg. UE no. 2016/679) and the Law Enforcement Directive (Dir. UE no. 2016/680). Necessity and proportionality principles have to be assessed in concrete scenarios with a “privacy by design” approach. Policy makers can follow three different approaches to promote the implementation of EWZ approach: ◦ Fostering private autonomy on the basis of effective need of the Operators; ◦ Promoting code of conducts with a common approach and a governance assigned to Data Protection Authorities within Member States; ◦ Making EWZ approach mandatory , with a clear risk based approach. 12 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Da Data Prot otection on Implication ons Operators shall perform a Security and Privacy Impact Assessment (SPIA) for governing and balancing the risk exposure of EWZs and privacy risk of data subject with a dynamic approach leveraging on live flows of information from different sources with the following benefits: ◦ enhance the overall security of critical infrastructures; ◦ Increase standardization of information structures, as they will need to be shared among many different actors; ◦ Improve the protection of personal data by Operators, as they will be able to modulate their security measure according to a dynamic balancing between security and privacy in any given moment. 13 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
Impl Implemen ementation Issues n Issues Implementers of EWZ’s Need to be Aware of a Number of Specific Questions That They Will Need to Answer in Building a System. In Particular: ◦ Does Their System Strike the Correct Balance Between Legitimate Privacy and Safety and Security Needs ◦ Are Implementers Treating Sensitive Personal Information Gathered from Biometric Elements of the System Correctly We Have Provided Questions and a Checklist to be Used by Implementers for Info and Audit Purposes 14 EARLY WARNING ZONES (3RD ERNCIP WORKSHOP) 22/11/2019
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