E NVIRONMENTAL I SOTOPIC S TUDIES ON M AJOR K ARST A QUIFER IN L AKE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

I NTERNATIONAL S YMPOSIUM ON I SOTOPES IN H YDROLOGY , M ARINE E COSYSTEMS , AND C LIMATE C HANGE S TUDIES O CEANOGRAPHIC M USEUM OF M ONACO E NVIRONMENTAL I SOTOPIC S TUDIES ON M AJOR K ARST A QUIFER IN L AKE V AN B ASIN (T URKEY ) Harun AYDIN (a) harun@yyu.edu.tr Erkan D İŞLİ (a) , Mehmet EKMEKÇ İ (b) , Levent TEZCAN (b) , Nevin AKSOY (c) (a) Department of Environmental Engineering, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey (b) International Research Center for Karst Water Resources (UKAM), Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey (c) 17 th Regional Directory of State Hydraulic Works, Van, Turkey 27 March – 1 April 2011, Monaco

Sudy Objective Granular Environment isotropic/homogen hydrodynamic properties hydrodynamic properties ? Karstic Environment anisotropic/heterogen Granular Karstic Recharge Recharge Climate Morphology + Climate Flow Flow media Porosity Fractured systems + Karstic channels Storage Storage Saturated Zone Vadose + Saturated zone Discharge Discharge Low High Flow type Laminar Laminar – Turbulence Requires Sp Special Hydraulic head Low High Chemical composition Low High Studies St Groundwater velocity < 10 -3 m/s > 10 -3 m/s to use physical, chemical and isotopic techniques to evaluate the hydrodynamic properties of the major karst aquifer in the Lake Van basin. Conceptual Hydrogeological Model

Study Area Area 2530 km 2 Min 1648 m Lake Van Max 3680 m Level 1648 m Mean 2353 m Depth 451 m Area 3577 × 10 6 km 2 Volume 568 × 10 9 km 3

Karst Springs

Şamran Şamran Akpınar Karst Springs Dönemeç Soğuksu Şamran Gündoğan Springs Sakalar

Şamran Akpınar Gündoğan Sakalar Parametres Sum (SAM) (CAM) (GND) (GUN) (SAK) n 265 6 4 4 4 - Average (m 3 /s) 4.739 0.195 0.164 0.180 0.167 5.445 Min (m 3 /s) 3.497 0.147 0.125 0.152 0.138 4.059 Max (m 3 /s) 6.669 0.233 0.188 0.226 0.223 7.549 7.0 6.5 February 7, 2007 to February 24, 2011 6.0 5.5 Discharge (m3/s) 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 Daily Monthly 3.0 Feb 07 Jul 07 Nov 07 Apr 08 Sep 08 Feb 09 Jul 09 Dec 09 May 10 Oct 10 Mar 11

2007 2008  (day -1 ) 0.002 0.0015 t (day) 242 243 V t (*10 6 m 3 ) 242.61 289.38 Recession Period V d (*10 6 m 3 ) 98.1 86.43 (%) 40.42 29.9 July 17, 2007 to March 15, 2008 V r (*10 6 m 3 -%) 144.5 202.95 July 3, 2008 to March 3, 2009 (%) 59.58 70.10 100 End of Discharged water volume 90 recession period Remain water volume 80 Maillet Equation 70 60 Volume (%) 50 40 K T S 30 20 10 Fractured Systems 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 t (day - after July 17, 2007)

Hydrochemistry (Data Logger and Field Measurements) Field measurements YSI 556 MP (T, pH, EC, TDS, etc.) Major ions Hacettepe University Trace elements Ankara, TURKEY 3 H Stable isotopes Perdue University ( 18 O ve D ) Indiana, USA February 07, 2007

Hidrogeochemistry (Field Measurements) n T (  C) EC A ( m S/cm) EC 25 ( m S/cm) pH 18577 Min 6.27 10.17 464.00 647.37 Max 7.34 10.61 685.00 944.63 Ave 6.76 10.37 593.60 823.74 SD 0.14 0.11 22.25 27.6 CV 2.02 1.06 3.75 3.3

Hidrogeochemistry

Isotopic Studies – Local Meteoric Water Line -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -60 MMWL d D = 8  d 18 O + 22 -70 -80 d D (‰ SMOW) GMVL -90 d D = 8  d 18 O + 10 Elevation Sampling d d 2 H 18 O d ‰ Sampling time -100 (m) name Snow1 26.02.2009 2350 -143.7 -19.5 12.3 -110 Snow2 26.02.2009 2226 -115.6 -17.1 20.9 LMWL d D=8x d 18 O+16.5 -120 Snow3 26.02.2009 2120 -98.9 -14.6 17.7 Snow4 26.02.2009 2030 -93.1 -13.2 12.1 -130 1923 Snow5 26.02.2009 -88.7 -12.8 13.6 Snow6 26.02.2009 1913 -84.4 -12.9 18.5 -140 Snow7 26.02.2009 1823 -72.3 -11.6 20.1 d 18 O (‰ SMOW) -150 Snow8 26.02.2009 1744 -75.2 -11.1 13.9 -72.3 -11.1 20.9 Maximum Minimum -143.7 -19.5 12.1 -96.5 -14.1 16.1 Average

Isotopic Studies – Spring Waters -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -55 Gürpınar Marbel Aquifer (GND, GUN,SAK, SAM) MMWL Gürpınar Marble Aquifer (ARK, CAM, DON) d D = 8  d 18 O + 22 -60 Lake Van Zernek Dam -65 d D (‰ SMOW) -70 -75 -80 GMWL -85 d D = 8  d 18 O + 10 d 18 O ( ‰ SMOW ) -90

Isotopic Studies – Spring Waters 14.0 Gürpınar Marble Aquifer (GND, GUN, SAK ve SAM) Gürpınar Marble Aquifer (ARK, DON, CAM) 12.0 Snow Young Waters 10.0 Trityum (TU) 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 Deep Circulation Old Waters 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 Cl (ppm)

Isotopic Studies Recharge Altitude 0 -20 -40 -60 d D = -0.1239 H + 155.59 Average recharge -80 d D % o altitudes calculated as -100 -120 approximately 2200 m. -140 -160 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 Elevation (m, asl)

Conclusions

Lake Van, Akdamar Church and Mt. Artos This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey ( TÜBİTAK ) with Project No: 106Y040. İlginiz ve dikkatiniz için teşekkür ederim, Thanks for your interest and attention, Merci de votre intérêts et l‘attention , Dankzij voor uw interesse en aandacht, Ευχαριςτώ για το ενδιαφέρον και την προςοχή ςασ , Grazie per la l’interesse e l‘attenzione , あなたの興味と関心を お寄せいただきありがとうございます , اركش مكتيانعو مكمامتهلب , Спасибо за ваш интерес и внимание , Hvala za vaše zanimanje in pozornost, Dziękujemy za zainteresowanie i uwagę , Gracias por su interés y atención, 感谢您的关注和重视