Drug Law Enforcement and National Security By: Dr. Ish Kumar, IPS - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Drug Law Enforcement and National Security By: Dr. Ish Kumar, IPS Dy. Director General,NCB

DRUGS- THEIR ORIGIN , CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION NARCOTICS DRUGS - Act as depressants of Central Nervous System , eg. Opiates , Cannabis , Coca alkaloids etc. � PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES- Mood altering substances either natural or semi-synthetic eg Amphetamine , LSD, Diazepam. � PRECURSOR CHEMICALS- Chemicals which are required for the preparation of drugs eg; Acetic Anhydride is precursor for manufacturing of heroin. Acetic Anhydride, Ephedrine, Pseudo-ephedrine, N- Acetylanthranilic Acid and Anthranilic Acid are the Precursors notified as “Controlled Substances” under the NDPS Act. �

NATURAL DRUGS- Naturally occurring drugs in nature eg. Opium , Cannabis , Coca. � � � SEMI – SYNTHETIC- Processed from natural drugs eg. Heroin , Cocaine. � � SYNTHETIC- Made from chemicals eg. LSD, ATS, Methaqualone.

UNODC World Drug Report 2007 Extent of Global Drug Use estimates Cannabis Amphetamine Type Cocaine Opiates Of which Stimulants heroin Ampheta Ecstasy mines (million 158.8 24.9 8.6 14.3 15.6 11.1 people) In % of 3.8% 0.6% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% global population age 15-64

National Drug Abuse Survey conducted by MSJE and UNODC in 2001 � ■ Alcohol, cannabis and opiates were the commonest drugs of abuse ■ Estimated 62.5 million in India are alcohol users, � ■ 8.7 million cannabis users and � ■ over 2 million opiate users. � ■ poly-drug users were increasing.

Continue….. � ▪ Buprenorphine, propoxyphene and heroin were commonly injected drugs. ▪ Injecting drug use - causes the spread of HIV � ▪ The potential number of people seeking treatment—about 0.5 million opiate users, 2.3 million cannabis users, and 10.5 million alcohol users—is a serious challenge

Seizures of the major drugs in India: (In Kgs.) Drug/Year 2005 2006 2007 Opium 2,009 2,826 1,937 Heroin 981 1,182 1,075 Cannabis herb 153,660 1,57,710 90,602 (Ganja) Cannabis Resin 3,965 3,852 4,635 Methaqualone 472 4,521 1 Cocaine 4 206 6

Contd. Drug/Year 2005 2006 2007 Ephedrine 08 1,276 395 L.S.D (Sq. Paper) 0 0 2,077 Acetic Anhydride 300 133 236

INDIA DRUG TRAFFICKING ROUTES AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN NEPAL NEW DELHI BHUTAN BANGLADESH MAYNMAR KOLKATA LAOS MUMBAI HEROIN THAILAND HASHISH CHENNAI MANDRAX PRECURSORS PHENSYDYL SRI LANKA

Trafficking of Heroin • Opium cultivation and diversion . � • Trafficking of South West Asian (Golden Crescent) heroin into India across the Indo Pak border in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir � • Trafficking of South East Asian heroin (Golden Triangle) in small quantities across the Indo Myanmar border � • Movement of heroin from India to Sri Lanka via the sea route � • Movement of heroin from India to Maldives by air � • Trafficking of heroin out of India to Western Europe / Africa by air � • Internal movement. �

TRAFFICKING OF HASHISH Cannabis Resin is smuggled into the country from Nepal and nearly 50% of the seizures in India are suspected to be sourced to Nepal � Hashish is primarily smuggled to Western Europe, USA and Canada both by air and sea routes. � � �

TRAFFICKING OF EPHEDRINE / PSEUDO EPHEDRINE Ephedrine and pseudo ephedrine are diverted from the licit channels and thereafter trafficked to South East Asia and other countries where it is used in the illicit manufacture of synthetic drugs (ATS).

� � Trafficking of Methaqualone and Mandrax to South Africa. � � Trafficking of drugs through Internet Pharmacy. � Trafficking of Phensydyl Syrup to Bangladesh

Modus Operandi of Traffickers � AIR � False Cavity of Suitcase Plastic Container of Cosmetic Items Handbags Inner Soles of sports shoe Swallowing and body cavities

ROAD � Jacket/Pant pocket � Specially made cavities in vehicles like bottom, sides, Inside and above petrol tank etc. � Door frames of the house. � Vegetable oil containers � Sarees � Photo- frames

SEA Fishing boats and country crafts Exhaust roof of ship By post parcels Coir carpets Electric bulbs � COURIER SERVICE INTERNET

MEETING THE CHALLENGE Demand Reduction: Awareness/Educational Campaign, de-addiction, treatment and rehabilitation measures. Supply Reduction: (a) Enforcement of NDPS Act and related provisions in other Acts. (b) Alternate development .

UN DRUG CONVENTIONS � United Nations Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs , 1961 as amended by the 1972 protocol. United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances , 1971. The Convention Against Illicit Traffic of Narcotic Drug and Psychotropic Substances , 1988 (Vienna Convention)

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT 
 (A) National (a) Federal (b) State ■ NCB ■ State Police ■ CBN ■ State Excise ■ DCGI ■ State Drug ■ Customs Controller ■ Forest ■ DRI Department ■ CBI ■ BSF, SSB, ITBP ■ Coast Guard

AGENCIES INVOLVED 
 IN DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT 
 (B) International ■ CND (Commission on Narcotic Drugs) ■ INCB (International Narcotics Control Board) ■ UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) ■ WCO (World Custom Organization) ■ INTERPOL (International Police Organization)

Various Laws in Drug Law Enforcement ■ NDPS Act, 1985 ■ PITNDPS Act, 1988 ■ Drug and Cosmetics Act,1940 ■ Customs Act, 1962 ■ RCS Order, 1993 ■ CrPc Act ■ Evidence Act ■ Prohibition and Excise Act

Facets of drug law enforcement •Seizure of drugs and psychotropic substances. •Arrest and Detention. •Forfeiture of property. •Destruction of illicit crops. • Destruction of illegal manufacturing facilities,Labs. • Internet Pharmacies. �

■ Controlled Delivery. ■ Exchange of operational intelligence. ■ MOUs/Bilateral agreements • Multi-disciplinary approach. ■ PEN (Pre Export Notification). ■ RCS Order (Regulation of control substances order, 1993) • Assistance to States. ■ Training to various agencies. ■ Reward Policy

Salient Features of NDPS Act � Stringent punishment, graded into 3 categories ■ for small medium and commercial quantities. � Provides for forfeiture of property acquired ■ through drug traffic. � Provides for special court. ■ � Provisions for pre-trial disposal of seized ■ contrabands. Stringent bail provisions. ■

DRUG TRAFFICKING AND NATIONAL SECURITY

DRUG ECONOMY 
 � ➢ Present size of the global illicit drug market is around US $ 500 Billion . The value, measured at retail prices, is higher than the GDP of 88% of the countries in the world ➢ The trade in illicit drugs accounts for 8% of all international trade � ➢ Drug traffickers float their ill-gotten money into the domestic money market like the real estate boom in Bombay and Delhi. � ➢ Similarly, the drug money laundered through Hawala or any other illegal channels deprives India of foreign exchange earnings. � ➢ Increase in black market economy . � �

SOCIAL COSTS OF DRUG ABUSE (Women Respondents, MSJE-UNODC Survey 2001) � Health problem Aches and pain 26.5 % Weight loss 29.6% � Psychological problem Depression 43.0 Anxiety 54.7 Sleeplessness 46.9 Neglect of self 22.9 � Occupational problems Neglect of work 20.1 Neglect of household work 34.6 Absence from work 22.3 �

Economic problems � Loss of income 39.7 Debts 15.6 Less money available at home 42.5 Family environment � Disruption of family routine 43.6 Disturbance of family celebrations 49.2 Reduced leisure time activity 51.4 Violence � Physical 42.5 Verbal 49.7

HIV � The number of injecting users - ranges 90,000-190,000. ■ � HIV transmission through injecting accounts for 2.79% of the total HIV ■ infected in India. � India’s North-Eastern region is experiencing IDU driven HIV epidemics ■ ( Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram). � HIV prevalence is also high among IDUs in Delhi, Mumbai and Tamil Nadu. ■ � Spread of HIV in India has increased from estimated 1.75 million adults in ■ 1994 to over 5 million by 2005 � • Government of India and other International agencies have earmarked 2064.65 Crore Rupees for a period of 5 years.(2002-2007)

ECONOMIC COSTS OF DRUG ABUSE � The Ministry of social justice is assisting 350 voluntary organisations for maintaining 375 De-addiction-cum- Rehabilitation Centres and 55 Counselling and Awareness Centres all over the country. � Average annual allocation for this programme has been around 27 crores. Nearly 2.25 lakhs of addicts are being benefited on an average every year from these services . � To facilitate the medical treatment of hard-core addicts who require intensive long-term medical attention, 122 De-addiction Centres are being run in Government hospitals/Primary Health Centres, etc

CORRUPTION � � Trafficking of drugs is leading to institutional decay, political instability and corruption. � • Law enforcement officials � • Prosecutors and Judges � • Politicians etc � � �

DRUG RELATED CRIMES � � � • For buying drugs: Theft, prostitution, Murder � • Crime under the influence of drugs: Murder, rape, suicide, theft. � • Crimes for the trafficking of drugs: Production, Manufacturing, Smuggling, Bribes, Murders �