Title : Kubbet es- DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM Sakhra; the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem Architect: Umayyad, built by Caliph Abd wooden (!!!) al-Malik, (r. 685-705) dome on a Date : 690, print circular masonry 1887, fr. Frederick drum Catherwood’s 1833 drawings cornice Source : wikipedia Medium : section arcades of Size : dome: 20 m dia. alternating piers and columns cornice: the overhanging molding atop any building (Mo ff ett) Note: • Structurally the Dome of the Rock imitates the centrally planned form of Early Christian and Byzantine martyria. (Stokstad) • The Dome of the Rock is in the late Antique tradition, deriving from the Pantheon, Hagia Sophia and San Vitale, as well as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which itself resembled Santa Costanza. (Gardner) • The dome is built of a double shell, each having 32 converging wooden ribs all resting on a cornice atop a masonry drum. The dome interior is plastered and adorned with painted and gilded designs (14 th cent. reconstructions) and the exterior of the dome is sheathed with boards, lead and gold leaf. (Moffett)
SANTA COSTANZA AND DOME OF THE ROCK ABOVE LEFT : ABOVE RIGHT: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem , (interior) Santa Costanza, Architect: Umayyad Islamic, built by Caliph Abd al-Malik, (r. Rome, Interior (view 685-705) Date: circa 690 CE or later through ambulatory into rotunda) Note : Byzantine trained artists created the first Islamic monument. It has a centralized plan and a gold exterior on the Date : circa 350 CE dome. The central area contains the “rock”, where presumably Note: n/a Abraham was to slaughter his son Isaac at the command of God. The inscriptions are the oldest surviving written verses from the Qur’an and the first use of Qur’anic inscriptions in architecture. Title: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, cutaway drawing Source: Pearson Publishing
Title : the DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem Architect: Umayyad Islamic, built by Caliph Abd al- Malik, (r. 685- 705) Date : 690, photo 1915 showing rock floor Source : wikipedia Medium : tile Size: dome: 20 m. dia. Note: the rock. • the marble and tile in the interior is original. Ti e focus of the building is the plain rock it shelters. (Stokstad) • the column capitals are Corinthian. (Fletcher)
DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM ablaq: an Arabic term for alternating bands of colored stones in Islamic style masonry, derived from Byzantine opus mixtum Title : Kubbet es-Sakhra; Dome of the Rock, interior, Jerusalem Architect: Umayyad Islamic, built by Caliph Abd al-Malik, (r. 685-705) Date : c. 690 CE or later Source: Photograph, Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archive, Vienna, Austria Medium : mosaic, faience, marble, metal, dome: wood, originally covered externally with lead, and internally with stucco, gilt and paint Size : Interior 152’ dia./ dome: 96’ H. Note: mosaic is comprised of thousands of small glass or glazed ceramic tessarae set on a plaster ground. Here mother of pearl is also used. Note the Kufic script above. Note ablaq , alternating colors of masonry/ [polychromy] (OUP)
DOME OF THE ROCK Title : Dome of the Rock, interior Architect: Umayyad, built by Caliph Abd al-Malik, (r. 685-705) Date : c. 690 or later Source : wikipedia Medium : mosaic, faience, marble, metal, dome: wood, originally covered externally with lead, and internally with stucco, gilt and paint Size : Interior 152’ dia. Dome 96’ H. arabesque: European term for a type of linear surface decoration based on foliage and calligraphic forms usually characterized by flowing lines and swirling shapes. (Stokstad) calligraphy: writing as an art form. The written word could convey information about a building describing its beauty or naming its patron; and it could delight the eye as beauty itself. (Stokstad) faience: type of ceramic covered with colorful, opaque glazes, developed in Egypt. (Stokstad) “It befitteth not (the Majesty of) God that He should take unto Himself a son. Glory be to Him! When He decreeth a thing, He saith unto it only: Be! and it is.” Note: • Muhammad’s act of emptying the Ka’aba of pagan idols instituted the fundamental practice of avoiding figural imagery in Islamic religious architecture. Figural imagery is frequent in palaces and manuscripts and artists elaborated a rich vocabulary of non-figural ornament including complex geometric designs and scrolling foliate vines (arabesques). Ti e written inscriptions are the oldest surviving written verses from the Qur’an and the first use of Qur’anic inscriptions in architecture. (Stokstad)
THE MOSQUE Title : The Maqamat (“Assemblies’) of Al-Hariri Artist : Yahya Ibn al-Wasiti, Baghdad Date : c. 1237 Museum: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Arabic MS. 5847, fol. 18v. Medium : Ink, pigments and gold on paper Size : 13-3/4" x 10-1/4" (35 x 25 cm) mihrab: a semicircular niche commemorating the spot at Medina that Muhammad indicated the direction where the followers should pray. qibla: wall indicating the direction of Mecca. minbar: on the qibla, the stepped pulpit for the preacher Note : • Al-Hariri’s stories revolve around a silver tongued scoundrel named Abu Zayd - these vivid visualizations of Abu Zayd’s adventures provide us with rate windows into ordinary Muslim life, here prayer in the congregational mosque, [where Abu Zayd] plans to make off with the alms collection. [the listener in the front] is framed and centered by the arch of the mihrab (the niche indicating the direction of Mecca) on the rear wall…the columns have ornamental capitals from which spring half-round arches. Glass mosque lamps hang from the archers. Abu Zayd delivers his sermon from the minbar (pulpit) which is on the same qibla wall as the mihrab. (Stokstad) • Often a dome in front of the mihrab marks its position. Ti e niche was a familiar Greco-Roman architectural feature, generally then it had enclosed a statue. (Gardner)
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Title: Elements of Architecture: Arches Source: Pearson; https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fd9a/0e690fbab75a50e3ade8d83b c96f465a189d.pdf Arches • horseshoe arch : came to be associated with Islamic architecture – see Great Mosque of Damascus, but began with Visigoths in churches in Spain (OUP) The center point is above the spring point. (Stokstad) • pointed arch: common in Gupta India, and passed through Persia to Baghdad. (OUP) has two center points (Stokstad) pointed/ two center arch
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Title: Elements of Architecture: Muqarnas Source: Pearson Muqarnas: small niche-like components, usually stacked in multiples as successive, non-load-bearing units in arches, cornices, and domes, hiding the transition from the vertical or the horizontal plane. Note: • Muqarnas were originally developed out of squinches that eased the transition between the square and circle of a dome, but they became an articulation of the fascination among Islamic artists for complex architectural patterns. (Fletcher) • Among architectural features the following are the most recurrent and characteristic: arcading; the pointed arch; the true dome; columns; squinches; stalactite corbelling and pendentives. Among decorative techniques are banded or striated masonry; decorative bonding; relief; tile; screens and grilles. (Fletcher)
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - FRACTALS Title: left: fractals; Bottom: Court of the Lions, The Alhambra Architect: Ummayad dynasty Date: 13 th -14 th Centuries Source: various fractal: a form that repeats the same shaped elements at different scales
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - FRACTALS Title: Court of the Lions, The Alhambra Source: https://landlopers.com/2017/04/29/court-lions- alhambra-spain Architect: Ummayad dynasty Date: 13 th -14 th centuries
HYPOSTYLE, FOUR-IWAN AND CENTRAL PLAN MOSQUES (in chapters 7 and 8) Iran, Central Asia: (in chapter 12) Anatolia: (in chapter 11) Title : Elements of Architecture: Mosque Plans Source: Pearson iwan: a large vaulted space open at one end, used in Islamic palaces, mosques and madrasas Note: The central plan mosque comes directly from Byzantine architecture, and is developed by the Ottomans. We’ll look at the hypostyle mosque.
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