Distance Education Technologies: Distance Education Technologies: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Distance Education Technologies: Distance Education Technologies: Distance Education Technologies: Standards and Software Systems Standards and Software Systems Standards and Software Systems Presented by Presented by Timothy K. Shih Timothy K. Shih MINE Lab MINE Lab Department of Computer Science and Information Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Engineering Tamkang University, Taiwan Tamkang University, Taiwan 1 1

Standards and Software Systems Standards and Software Systems SOAP SOAP IEEE P1484.1 (LTSA) IEEE P1484.1 (LTSA) QT&I QT&I ULF ULF HTML SCORM HTML SCORM XML XML SMI L SMI L Software Systems Software Systems Courseware System Courseware System Presentation System Presentation System 2 2

Sharable Content Object Sharable Content Object Reference Model 1.3 Reference Model 1.3 The Department of The Department of SCORM 1.2 Defense of USA Defense of USA established the Advanced Advanced established the SCORM BOOK 1: The SCORM Overview Distributed Learning (ADL) (ADL) Distributed Learning initiative in 1997. initiative in 1997. BOOK 3: The SCORM Run Time BOOK 2: The SCORM Environment The Sharable Content Sharable Content The Content Aggregation Model Object Reference Model Object Reference Model (SCORM) includes (SCORM) includes Meta-data Dictionary (from IEEE) – Content Aggregation Model Content Aggregation Model – Data Model (from AICC) Content Packaging (from IMS) Launch, Communication API (from AICC) Content Structure (derived from AICC) Simple Sequencing Simple Sequencing (Meta-data XML Binding and Best Practice (from IMS) Specification (in 1.3 Draft) Specification (in 1.3 Draft) – Run – Run- -time Environment time Environment 3 3

High- -Level Requirements of SCORM Level Requirements of SCORM High Accessibility: the ability to locate and access instructional : the ability to locate and access instructional Accessibility components from one one remote location and deliver them remote location and deliver them components from to many other many other locations. locations. to Interoperability: the ability to take instructional : the ability to take instructional Interoperability components developed in one one location with one set of location with one set of components developed in tools or platform and use them in another another location with a location with a tools or platform and use them in different set of tools or platform. different set of tools or platform. Durability: the ability to withstand technology changes : the ability to withstand technology changes Durability without redesign, reconfiguration or recoding. , reconfiguration or recoding. without redesign Reusability: the flexibility to incorporate instructional : the flexibility to incorporate instructional Reusability components in multiple multiple applications and contexts. applications and contexts. components in 4 4

Content Aggregation Model Content Aggregation Model The SCORM Content Aggregation Model represents a The SCORM Content Aggregation Model represents a pedagogically neutral means for designers and implementers of pedagogically neutral means for designers and implementers of instruction to aggregate learning resources aggregate learning resources for the purpose of for the purpose of instruction to delivering a desired learning experience. delivering a desired learning experience. The SCORM Content Aggregation Model is made up of the following: The SCORM Content Aggregation Model is made up of the following: – Content Model: Content Model: Nomenclature Nomenclature defining defining the content the content components components of a of a – learning experience. learning experience. – Meta Meta- -data: data: A mechanism for A mechanism for describing describing specific instances of the specific instances of the – components of the content model. of the content model. components – Content Packaging: Content Packaging: Defines how to represent the intended behavior Defines how to represent the intended behavior – of a learning experience (Content Structure Structure) and how to package ) and how to package of a learning experience (Content learning resources for movement between different environments learning resources for movement between different environments (Content Packaging (Content Packaging). ). – Simple Sequencing Specification (SCORM 1.3): Simple Sequencing Specification (SCORM 1.3): A learning designer A learning designer – or content developer declares the relative order or content developer declares the relative order in which elements of in which elements of content (SCOs SCOs or or SCAs SCAs) are to be presented to the learner and the ) are to be presented to the learner and the content ( conditions under which a piece of content is selected and delivered or under which a piece of content is selected and delivered or conditions skipped during presentation. skipped during presentation. 5 5

Content Model Content Model The SCORM Content Model is made up of the following components The SCORM Content Model is made up of the following components – Assets Assets: : basic forms basic forms, such as text, images, sound, web pages, , such as text, images, sound, web pages, – assessment objects or other pieces of data that can be delivered to a assessment objects or other pieces of data that can be delivered to a Web client. Web client. – Sharable Content Assets ( Sharable Content Assets (SCAs SCAs) (1.3 Draft): ) (1.3 Draft): a – a collection collection of one or of one or more Assets packaged as a single launchable launchable resource . SCA does not resource . SCA does not more Assets packaged as a single communicate with an LMS via the SCORM Communications API communicate with an LMS via the SCORM Communications API Adapter. Adapter. – Sharable Content Objects ( Sharable Content Objects (SCOs SCOs): ): a a collection collection of one or more Assets. of one or more Assets. – A SCO represents the lowest level of granularity of learning resources ources A SCO represents the lowest level of granularity of learning res that can be tracked by an LMS using the SCORM Run- -Time Time that can be tracked by an LMS using the SCORM Run Environment Data Model. Environment Data Model. – Learning Activities (Activities) (1.3 Draft): Learning Activities (Activities) (1.3 Draft): an instructional an instructional event or event or – events embedded in a content resource or as an aggregation of events embedded in a content resource or as an aggregation of activities that eventually resolve to discrete content resources with their with their activities that eventually resolve to discrete content resources contained instructional events. contained instructional events. – – Content Aggregations Content Aggregations: : a map ( a map (content structure content structure) that can be used to ) that can be used to aggregate learning resources into a cohesive unit of instruction (e.g. (e.g. aggregate learning resources into a cohesive unit of instruction course, chapter, module, etc.) course, chapter, module, etc.) 6 6

Components of Content Model Components of Content Model C ontent S tructure C ontent A ggregation R esource ( S C A ) O rganization R esource ( A sset ) Item R esource Item ( S C O ) R esource Item ( A sset ) R esource ( S C A ) Item R esource ( A sset ) Item R esource ( S C O ) Item R esource (S C A ) T he S C O R M contains specialized instances of resources: A ssets, S C A s and S C O s. A ssets are learning content in its m ost basic form . A ssets are electronic representations of m edia, text, im ages, sound, w eb pages, chat sessions, assessm ent objects or other pieces of data that can be delivered to a W eb client. S C A s represent a collection of one or m ore A ssets packaged as a single launchable resource. S C A s do not com m unicate w ith an LM S system . S C O s represent a collection of one or m ore A ssets packaged as a single launchable resource that utilizes the S C O R M R un-T im e E nvironm ent to com m unicate w ith LM S s. A S C O represents the low est level of granularity of content that is able to be tracked by an LM S using the S C O R M R un-T im e E nvironm ent D ata M odel. C o n ten t A g g reg atio n is the process of pooling resources (A ssets/S C A s/S C O s) into a defined structure (content structure) to build a particular learning experience. 7 7

Meta- -Data Data Meta Meta- -data provide a common nomenclature data provide a common nomenclature Meta enabling learning resources to be described in described in enabling learning resources to be a common way . . a common way Learning resources that are described with Learning resources that are described with meta- -data can be systematically data can be systematically searched searched for for meta and retrieved retrieved for use and for use and reuse reuse . . and Meta- -Data Data Meta – Asset Asset Meta Meta- -data data – – Sharable Content Asset ( Sharable Content Asset (SCA SCA) Meta ) Meta- -data data – – Sharable Content Object ( Sharable Content Object (SCO SCO) Meta ) Meta- -data data – – Learning Activities Learning Activities Meta Meta- -data data – – Content Aggregation Content Aggregation Meta Meta- -data data – 8 8