Disorders A.S. Goudie, Environment International 63 (2014) 101 113 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Desert Dust and Human Health Disorders A.S. Goudie, Environment International 63 (2014) 101 – 113 Presenter: Kiyoumars Allahbakhshi Supervisor: Dr Katayoun Jahangiri September 26, 2016

Content: 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….. . .. slide 3 7. Human disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Desert dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . slide 4 - Respiratory disorders . . . . . . . …………. . . . . . . . . slide 15 3 . Source areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . slides 5-6 - Cardiovascular disorders . . . . ………… . . . . . slides 16-17 4. PM10 and PM2.5 levels in dust storms . - Coccidiomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . slide 18 ………………………………………………………… . . . . slides 7-12 - Meningococcal meningitis . . . . . . . ………….. . . . slide 19 5 . Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . . . . slide 13 - Conjunctivitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . . . . slide 20 - Dermatological disorders . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . . . . Slide 21 6 . Miscellaneous pollutants ………..………………. slide 14 - Algal blooms and red tides . . . . . ………. . . . . . . . slide 22 - Deaths and injuries resulting from transport accidents ………………………………………………………….…………… slide 23 8 . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . slides 24-25 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slide 26 10 . The critique of paper………………………………….….. slide 27 September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 2 2

In Introduction: • The purpose of this paper: 1. reviewing recent studies on the nature of desert dust storms 2. considering some of the empirical evidence Relation characteristics of dust storms to human health disorders. September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 3

Desert dust: • Playing an important role in the Earth system • Resulting of turbulent winds raising large quantities of dust • Reducing visibility to less than 1 km • The concentrations in excess of 6000 μg m− 3 • Transporting over thousands of kilometers • The content of dust September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 4

Source areas: September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 5

Source areas: September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 6

PM PM10 and PM2.5 5 le levels in in dust storm rms: • PM10 values (aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) • PM2.5 values (aerodynamic radius less than 2.5 μm) September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 7

PM10 and PM2.5 levels in dust storms: 8

PM10 and PM2.5 levels in dust storms: 9

PM10 and PM2.5 levels in dust storms: 10

PM10 and PM2.5 levels in dust storms: 11

PM10 and PM2.5 levels in dust storms: 12

Biomaterials : September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 13

Miscellaneous pollutants: September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 14

Human disorders- Respiratory disorders • The pathogenic effect of dust inhalation on respiratory tissues trace elements (including arsenic, etc.) • exacerbation by the toxic effects of biologically active compounds (bacteria, fungi, pollen, and viruses) the population most susceptible to suffering from the short-term effects of suspended particulates (a)the elderly (b)Subjects affected by chronic cardiopulmonary disorders (c) the very young September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 15

Human disorders- Cardiovascular disorders • particulate levels in the air cause cardiovascular disease • myocardial infarction • Stroke • heart failure • arrhythmias • Venous thromboembolism September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 16

Human disorders- Cardiovascular disorders • the possible biological mechanisms associated with exposure to particulates (i) pulmonary and/or systemic inflammatory responses (ii)dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (iii)cardiac malfunction due to ischemic responses in the myocardium and/or altered ion channel functions in myocardial cells’ . September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 17

Human disorders- Coccidiomycosis • An infection caused by the inhalation of airborne spores of coccidioides immitis • It affects the lungs, can cause extreme disfigurement, and can be fatal. • In the USA it is often known as valley fever • Around 150,000 cases are reported each year September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 18

Human disorders- Meningococcal meningitis • A serious health problem in West Africa • The bacteria Neisseria meningitides the extremely dry air damages • dust combined with the pharyngeal mucosa easing bacterial invasion • To be related to the timing and severity of Saharan dust intrusions • During the 1980s there were between 25,000 and 200,000 cases in the Sahel per year September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 19

Human disorders- Conjunctivitis • Prolonged exposure to dusty air • Dust blown by the Irifi wind of the Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara is responsible for the conjunctivitis September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 20

Human disorders- Dermatological disorders • Asian dust storm particles can exert toxicological effects on human skin • through o the activation of the cellular detoxification system o the production of pro inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines o changes in the expression of proteins essential in normal epidermal différentiation September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 21

Human disorders- Algal blooms and red tides • Increasing evidence that the nutrients carried in dust storms, including iron can indirectly impact human health. • Have a range of effects including neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and respiratory complaints. September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 22

Human disorders- Deaths and injuries resulting from transport accidents • Dust storms can cause death through their role in causing accidents on the road and in the air. • loss of visibility September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 23

Conclusions: • Dust storms are events of considerable extent and of frequent occurrence in deserts and on their margins, and transport large amounts of particulates, pollutants and biological materials for long distances downwind • Role of land use pressures and lower soil moisture contents resulting from climate change • associations between dust events and a range of human health issues, including respiratory problems, cardiovascular complaints, meningococcal meningitis, conjunctivitis, skin irritation, and deaths and injuries associated with transport accidents. September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 24

Conclusions: • the increasing availability of information about dust storm frequencies, trajectories, and particulate contents as a result of the availability of large amounts of dat a from various satellite-borne sensors, means that there is now a greater potential for their health effects to be explored in greater detail by collaboration between medical and environmental scientists . September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 25

References: Referring to article. September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 26

The critique of paper: strength and weakness • Selection of the article: • Introduction: • Author and affiliated institution: • The acquisition of knowledge: • Controversy surrounding the paper: • Respect to various location in reviewing: • Methodology: • Discussion: strength, weakness, limitation September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 27

Thanks for your attention. September 2016- May 2017 Journal Club Presentations’ Series 28