Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Nearly a Century – Lessons from the Practice of Military Operational Research over 90 Years Fred Cameron Land Capability Development Operational Research Team Kingston, Ontario Centre for Operational Research and Analysis Canada Defence Research and Recherche et développement Development Canada pour la défense Canada
High Speed Photography at L’institut Marey Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
The Following Decade – 1908-1918 • 1908: Independence for Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria • 1912-1913: Balkan Wars – (1) Balkan League vs Ottoman Empire, (2) the fight over ‘spoils’ • 1914: Beginning of The Great War – Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie visit Bosnia – Two violent deaths in Sarajevo in June… and many more to follow – Colonel Robert Nivelle challenges Professeur Charles Nordmann on sound ranging – Nordmann and Professeur Lucien Bull collaborate – Major Harold Winterbotham interest in flash spotting • 1915: Early Developments in Counter-battery Work – Major Harold Hemming develops of the flash-buzzer board – Major Willy Bragg investigates French sound ranging for the British • 1916: Improvements – Major William Tucker and Captain Joe Gray make improvements to sound ranging • 1917: Arrival of the Americans – Major Augustus Trowbridge and Captain Charles Bazzoni investigate French and British sound ranging for the Americans Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
McNaughton and Canadian Counter-battery Work JS Finan and WJ Hurley, ‘McNaughton and Canadian operational research at Vimy’ Journal of the Operational Research Society (1997) 45, 10-14 AGL McNaughton, ‘Counter Battery Work’ Canadian Defence Quarterly , July 1926 John Swettenham, McNaughton , Vol. 1, Ryerson, Toronto, 1968 Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
First position for the Battle of Vimy. Carency, April 1917
Sources of Intelligence for Counter- -Battery Work Battery Work Sources of Intelligence for Counter From: ‘Counter Battery Work’ by AGL McNaughton, Canadian Defence Quarterly , July 1926 Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Some Details Some Details Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Counter Battery Schematic From: ‘Counter Battery Work’ by AGL McNaughton, Canadian Defence Quarterly , July 1926 A System of Systems Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Survey Section (SS), with Four Observations Posts (OP) Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Sound Ranging Section (SRS): Listening Post (LP) and four Microphone Stations (MS) Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Flash Spotting • Reference bearing at each OP ( d 0 ) G • Report bearing of flash from theodolite, or equivalent instrument German Line • Synchronize with system of buzzers or lights d 0 θ 1 θ 2 Allied Line d 0 • Report synchronized bearings by phone OP1 OP2 Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Sound Ranging G German gun G LP Listening post MS Microphone stations SRS Sound Ranging Section German Line MS about 1.5 miles from front, Allied Line MS 1 LP with LP “well forward” MS 4 MS 2 MS 3 SRS Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
The Math ( ) ( ) 2 2 = − + − ( 1 ) d x x y y equation i i i ( ) ( ) = − 2 + − 2 = ( 2 ) d x x y y T v equation 0 i i i i ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 Δ = − + − − − + − ( , ) ( 3 ) x y x x y y x x y y equation ij i i j j Δ = − ( , ) ( ) ( 4 ) x y t t v equation 21 2 1 0 Δ = − ( , ) ( ) ( 5 ) x y t t v equation 31 3 1 0 Δ = − ( , ) ( ) ( 6 ) x y t t v equation 32 3 2 0 Δ − ( , ) ( ) x y t t = 21 2 1 ( 7 ) equation Δ − ( , ) ( ) x y t t 32 3 2 Δ − ( , ) ( ) x y t t = 31 3 1 ( 8 ) equation Δ − ( , ) ( ) x y t t 32 3 2 Equations 7 and 8 constitute a nonlinear system of two equations in two unknowns. Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
The Sound-Ranging System of Systems Results in a photograph from a Bull-type string galvanometer using with six Tucker-type hot-wire microphones. Accurate to 1/200 sec or approximately 1.5m according to Lawrence Bragg. Δ t from ‘kick 5’ to ‘kick 6’ Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Sound Ranging • Activate recorder at SRS when LP hears gun fire • Each MS is hard wired to one G lead on a six-string galvanometer • Time difference between a German Line pair of MS determines a hyperbola Allied Line MS 1 LP MS 4 MS 2 MS 3 SRS Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Sound Ranging Plot asymtotes initially, then correct for the hyperbolas if necessary G Time differences of microphone pairs: German Line n(n-1)/2 4 MS → 6 hyperbolas Allied Line MS 1 LP 6 MS → 15 hyperbolas MS 4 MS 2 MS 3 SRS Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Latency of three minutes? • No time to solve equations numerically • So a graphical method was used: – Equations 4, 5, and 6 are hyperbolas – Plot asymptotes – Approximate location of G at the intersection of asymptotes (using ‘asymptote board’) – Intersection not likely a point, but a ‘cat’s cradle’ – Adjust interim results using tables Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Bragg’s Ingenious Plotting Board Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
System Characteristics • Coverage – Six microphone stations across ~ 10 000 m frontage • Accuracy – Often enemy gun positions “to within 25 to 100 yards” • Latency – Reports often within three minutes • Problems – Environmental factors: wind, temperature, and barometric pressure • Captain Joe Gray and the “Wind Section” – Confusion in a barrage • Captain Gray and Captain Lloyd-Owen, and the regular baseline • By-products – Determine characteristics of the target artillery piece, e.g., calibre – Adjust fire onto a target – Calibrate own artillery pieces Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Return to Vimy Ridge German Gun at Vimy Destroyed by Counter-Battery Fire Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Soldiers: McNaughton, Hedley, Jack, Winterbotham, Alexander • Lt Col Andrew McNaughton – Royal Canadian Artillery – Counter Battery Staff Officer, Canadian Corps • Colonel Sir Walter Coote Hedley – Royal Engineers – Ordinance Survey and War Office in 1914 – KBE, CB, CMG • Lieutenant-Colonel Ewan Maclean Jack – Royal Engineers – Maps GHQ, British Expeditionary Forces – Brigadier, Director General Ordinance Survey 1922-1930 – CB, CMG, DSO, DL • Major Harold Winterbotham – Royal Engineers – Survey in British 3 rd Army, under General Allenby – Brigadier, Director General Ordinance Survey 1930-1935 – CB, CMG, DSO • Colonel Roger Alexander – US Corps of Engineers – G-2-C (maps/survey) for General Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces – Later promoted to general officer Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
General AGL McNaughton PC, CH, CB, CMG, DSO • Subaltern, Canadian Militia, 1909 • MSc, Electrical Engineering, McGill, 1912 • Lieutenant Colonel, Royal Canadian Artillery, 1916 • Counter-Battery Staff Officer, Canadian Corps, 1917 reporting to Lt Gen Sir Arthur Currie, Corps Commander • Chief of the General Staff, 1929 • President, National Research Council, 1935 • Commander, First Canadian Army, 1942 • Minister of National Defence, 1944 • Proponent for creation of the Defence Research Board, 1945 (precursor to Defence Research and Development Canada) • Member, UN Atomic Energy Commission and UN Security Council, 1946 • Co-chairman, US-Canada International Joint Commission, 1950 Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Scientists: Einthoven, Marey, Nordmann, Bull, • Willem Einthoven – De Universiteit Leiden – Electrocardiograph (ECG) with improved sensitivity • Étienne-Jules Marey – Cine-photography for recording movement in nature • Charles Nordmann – L’observatoire de Paris – Early French experimentation with sound ranging at instigation of Colonel Robert Nivelle • Lucien Bull – L’institut Marey – Six-channel string galvanometer from Einthoven ECG – High-speed photography Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
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