Deducing Allophonic Rules Phonemic Analysis The Procedure for Part - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Deducing Allophonic Rules Part 1 Course Readings Introduction and Review The Logic of Deducing Allophonic Rules Phonemic Analysis The Procedure for Part 1 Finding Rules The Notation for Rules Summary

Deducing Course Readings Allophonic Rules Part 1 Course Readings Introduction and Review The Logic of Phonemic Analysis The following readings have been posted to the Moodle The Procedure for Finding Rules course site: The Notation for ◮ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 70-77, Rules 84-86) Summary ◮ Language Files: Chapter 3.5 (pp. 127-133)

Deducing A Review of Where We Are Allophonic Rules Part 1 ◮ The phonology of a language includes rules that Course Readings affect individual phones. Introduction and ◮ In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning of Review The Logic of onsets. Phonemic Analysis The Procedure for Finding Rules The Notation for Rules Summary

Deducing A Review of Where We Are Allophonic Rules Part 1 ◮ The phonology of a language includes rules that Course Readings affect individual phones. Introduction and ◮ In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning of Review The Logic of onsets. Phonemic Analysis The Procedure for Finding Rules ◮ Because of such rules, we must distinguish between The Notation for ◮ Phoneme: the sound as represented in memory /X/ Rules ◮ Allophone: the sound as actually produced [ X ] Summary

Deducing A Review of Where We Are Allophonic Rules Part 1 ◮ The phonology of a language includes rules that Course Readings affect individual phones. Introduction and ◮ In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning of Review The Logic of onsets. Phonemic Analysis The Procedure for Finding Rules ◮ Because of such rules, we must distinguish between The Notation for ◮ Phoneme: the sound as represented in memory /X/ Rules ◮ Allophone: the sound as actually produced [ X ] Summary ◮ [ X ] is an allophone of /Y/ if [ X ] is one way that speakers pronounce the sound memorized as /Y/ ◮ [t h ] is an allophone of /t/ in English. ◮ [t] is an allophone of /t/ in English. ◮ [t h ] and [t] are allophones of the same phoneme in English.

Deducing A Review of Where We Are Allophonic Rules Part 1 ◮ Languages differ in whether phones are allophones of the same (or different) phonemes. Course Readings Introduction and Example (Thai and English): Review The Logic of In Thai, [t] and [t h ] are allophones of different phonemes Phonemic Analysis In English, [t] and [t h ] are allophones of the same phoneme The Procedure for Finding Rules The Notation for Rules Summary

Deducing A Review of Where We Are Allophonic Rules Part 1 ◮ Languages differ in whether phones are allophones of the same (or different) phonemes. Course Readings Introduction and Example (Thai and English): Review The Logic of In Thai, [t] and [t h ] are allophones of different phonemes Phonemic Analysis In English, [t] and [t h ] are allophones of the same phoneme The Procedure for Finding Rules The Notation for ◮ If there’s a minimal pair for two phones, then they’re Rules allophones of different phonemes. Summary Example (Thai): [t h am] ‘to pound’ ‘to do’ [tam]

Deducing A Review of Where We Are Allophonic Rules Part 1 ◮ Languages differ in whether phones are allophones of the same (or different) phonemes. Course Readings Introduction and Example (Thai and English): Review The Logic of In Thai, [t] and [t h ] are allophones of different phonemes Phonemic Analysis In English, [t] and [t h ] are allophones of the same phoneme The Procedure for Finding Rules The Notation for ◮ If there’s a minimal pair for two phones, then they’re Rules allophones of different phonemes. Summary Example (Thai): [t h am] ‘to pound’ ‘to do’ [tam] ◮ If there aren’t minimal pairs for them, then they might be allophones of the same phoneme. Example: In English, there are no minimal pairs for [t] and [t h ] ...

Deducing An Important Point of Logic Allophonic Rules Part 1 Course Readings Two phones might be in complementary distribution, but Introduction and still be allophones of different phonemes. Review The Logic of Phonemic Analysis Example: [N] and [h] in English The Procedure for Finding Rules ◮ In English, [N] is never in onsets ( [bæN] , * [Næb] ) The Notation for Rules ◮ In English, [h] is never in codas. ( [hæt] , * [tæh] ) Summary ◮ ... So there’s no minimal pairs for [N] and [h] in English... ◮ ...But they are still allophones of different phonemes! ... Let’s see why!

Deducing An Important Point of Logic Allophonic Rules Part 1 If [N] and [h] were really allophones of the same Course Readings phoneme, then... Introduction and Review ◮ There would be some phoneme /X/ The Logic of ◮ There would be a rule R which requires: Phonemic Analysis ◮ /X/ to be pronounced as [h] in onsets The Procedure for Finding Rules ◮ /X/ to be pronounced as [N] in codas The Notation for Rules Summary

Deducing An Important Point of Logic Allophonic Rules Part 1 If [N] and [h] were really allophones of the same Course Readings phoneme, then... Introduction and Review ◮ There would be some phoneme /X/ The Logic of ◮ There would be a rule R which requires: Phonemic Analysis ◮ /X/ to be pronounced as [h] in onsets The Procedure for Finding Rules ◮ /X/ to be pronounced as [N] in codas The Notation for ◮ But what’s /X/? (Impossible to say!) Rules Summary ◮ But this rule R looks crazy . (Trust me.)

Deducing An Important Point of Logic Allophonic Rules Part 1 If [N] and [h] were really allophones of the same Course Readings phoneme, then... Introduction and Review ◮ There would be some phoneme /X/ The Logic of ◮ There would be a rule R which requires: Phonemic Analysis ◮ /X/ to be pronounced as [h] in onsets The Procedure for Finding Rules ◮ /X/ to be pronounced as [N] in codas The Notation for ◮ But what’s /X/? (Impossible to say!) Rules Summary ◮ But this rule R looks crazy . (Trust me.) Conclusion: ◮ There is no sensible rule that would derive [N] and [h] from the same phoneme /X/. ◮ And so, linguists conclude that they are allophones of different phonemes.

Deducing The Centrality of Rules Allophonic Rules Part 1 To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same Course Readings phoneme, you have to: Introduction and ◮ Say what phoneme they are allophones of. Review The Logic of ◮ State the rule that determines whether that Phonemic Analysis phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y]. The Procedure for Finding Rules The Notation for Rules Summary

Deducing The Centrality of Rules Allophonic Rules Part 1 To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same Course Readings phoneme, you have to: Introduction and ◮ Say what phoneme they are allophones of. Review The Logic of ◮ State the rule that determines whether that Phonemic Analysis phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y]. The Procedure for Finding Rules The Notation for Rules Illustration: Aspiration in English Summary How we proved that [t] and [t h ] are allophones of the same phoneme: ◮ We discovered the following rule: ◮ /p/ , /t/ , /k/ are aspirated at the beginning of onsets. ◮ This rule does two things: ◮ States the phoneme that [t] / [t h ] are allophones of ◮ States when that phoneme is pronounced as [t] / [t h ]

Deducing Deducing Allophonic Rules Allophonic Rules Part 1 To show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes, you have to: Course Readings ◮ Find a minimal pair for [X] and [Y]. Introduction and Review The Logic of Phonemic Analysis To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same The Procedure for phoneme, you have to: Finding Rules The Main Sub-Tasks ◮ Say what phoneme they are allophones of. Example: Kikuyu V Length Task 1 Example: English V Length ◮ State the rule that determines whether that Task 1 Task 2 phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y]. Breaking Down Task 2 The Steps The Notation for Rules Summary

Deducing Deducing Allophonic Rules Allophonic Rules Part 1 To show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes, you have to: Course Readings ◮ Find a minimal pair for [X] and [Y]. Introduction and Review The Logic of Phonemic Analysis To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same The Procedure for phoneme, you have to: Finding Rules The Main Sub-Tasks ◮ Say what phoneme they are allophones of. Example: Kikuyu V Length Task 1 Example: English V Length ◮ State the rule that determines whether that Task 1 Task 2 phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y]. Breaking Down Task 2 The Steps The Notation for Rules Burning Question: Summary How , exactly, do we go about looking for these rules? ◮ The whole process can be broken down into manageable sub-tasks...