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decomposing coordination c & Uli Sauerland Moreno Mitrovi ´ north east linguistic society #44 · UConn · 19 October, 2013

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 1 introduction: expression of coordination and quantification Japanese (and Hungarian, Malayalam, ...) vs. English (and German, ...) nels 44 UConn • Japanese: multifunctional mo and ka • English: many distinct morphemes

Mitrovi´ κ ’ ‘( either ) Bill or Mary. κ ka M Mary ka understand B Bill The κ -series ( ka ) c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 ‘ every student’ μ wakaru ka student indet nels 44 ‘ some students’ κ ka student gakusei dono κ ‘ some one’ κ ka who dare ‘Do you understand ? ’ mo (2) gakusei M M Mary ’ ‘( both ) Bill and Mary. μ mo Mary μ μ mo B Bill The μ -series ( mo ) (1) mo UConn mo ‘ also Mary’ indet dono ‘ every one’ dare who μ a. �� ( � ) ���� �� a. �� ( � ) ���� �� b. ���� � b. 分�� �� c. 誰 � c. 誰 � d. �� 学生 � d. �� 学生 �

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 Our Contribution: sushiro 2002, int. al.) able 2 the argument against homophony Hagstrom (1998) and others: mo (‘and’) and mo (‘every’) are homophonous in Japanese. Two counterarguments: 1. within Japanese: coordinated quantifiers 2. historical: disappearance of Japanese-style ( mo ) coordination in Indo-European nels 44 UConn • Arguments against a homophony analysis (cf. Szabolcsi 2013, Slade 2011, Shimoyama 2007, Yat- • conjunction universally has two morphemes, and and mo , and one tends to be silent • disjunction universally involves two morphemes too, and and ka , but the pronunciation is more vari-

Mitrovi´ gakusei nom ga ka ka teacher sensei indet dono ka ka student indet talked dono a. (4) ’ talked. teacher c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 and student ‘Every talked hanashita hanashita ‘Some mo ka nels 44 talked hanashita ka ka ka ka teacher sensei indet dono ka student ka ka student gakusei indet dono b. ’ talked. teacher some or mo every UConn indet teacher every and mo ‘Every talked hanashita mo mo teacher sensei dono ’ mo mo student gakusei indet dono a. (3) and quantification: Mo and ka can simultaneously express coordination Argument against Homophony within Japanese talked. student b. student indet mo sensei mo teacher mo mo mo dono dono indet gakusei �� 学生 � �� 先生 � �� 学生 � �� 先生 � 話�� � 話�� ⋆ �� ⋆ �� 学生 � � �� 先生 学生 � � �� 先生 � � 話�� � � 話��

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 3 the structure of conjunction (5) 1 2 nels 44 UConn Lexical Entries for ⟦ and/J ⟧ & ⟦ mo ⟧ a. ⟦ μ 0 ⟧ ( R ⟨ et ⟩ )( S ⟨ et ⟩ ) = R ⊆ S b. ⟦ J 0 ⟧ = ( Q ⟨ et , t ⟩ )( Q ⟨ et , t ⟩ ) = Q 1 ∩ Q 2

Mitrovi´ . . . μ . . . . . . . Mary e . Universal quantification (7) . . . μ . . . student et nels 44 . . c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 . Conjunction (6) . . . . . . . . μ . and /J . . . . . . Mary e . . . UConn ⟳ eet ⟳ eet

Mitrovi´ i. genki well desu is ‘Also Mary is well. ’ (10) Deriving additivity with double exhaustification: Single exhaustification: c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 Alternatives(Mary- mo is well) = ‘Mary is well’ Exh (Mary- mo is well) = ‘Mary is well’ . ii. Double exhaustification: Alternatives( Exh (Mary- mo is well)) = ‘ Exh (Mary is well)’ Exh ( Exh (Mary-mo is well)) = ‘Mary and not only Mary is well’ nels 44 mo mo UConn . Additive particle (8) . . . μ . . . . Mary . . . John e (9) Mary ���� � 元気 �� ⟳

Mitrovi´ . . . . μ 0 . . . YP . . . μ P . . . . . . . . . J 0 . . nels 44 μ 0 . . . . . XP . . . . . . . μ P . . . . . . c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 . . . Mary e . . . . . . . JP μ . . . . . . . 4 indo-european & the evidence for the J- μ system . and /J . . . . . . Mary e . . . UConn . . . . . μ . . . ⇐ ⇒ ⟳ eet ⟳ eet

Mitrovi´ c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 the second conjunct. t nels 44 UConn • Indo-European (IE) shows a syntax (and semantics) of coordination that is consistent with (6) • Earliest IE languages show that there existed two types of coordinate structure: – one in which the coordinator occupies the initial (first), – and another in which the coordinator occupies the peninitial (second) position with respect to • diachronically, only the initial structure survives (lost across all branches) – { a,b } − − − → b

Mitrovi´ ἀντιόω b. κεῖσ’ there εἶμι go καὶ kai and o ’ meet πολέμοιο polemoio battle ‘Go thither, and confront the war. ’ (Hom., Il. , M: l. 368) nels 44 c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 (Hom., Il. , M: l. 426) ‘The round shields and fluttering targets. λαισήϊά (11) Homeric Greek: [cca. 8th c. bce a. ἀσπίδας aspidas shields εὐκύκλους eukuklous round UConn feathered eia pelt τε te and πτερόεντα. pteroenta lais ¯ anti ¯ ke ¯ ı s’ e ¯ ı mi

Mitrovi´ a u c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 ‘Vayu and Indra, rich in spoil, rush (hither). ’ ( R b. ars save. imp.2.sg this am a and dvis ah enmity ‘Save us from this and enmity. ’ ( R nels 44 rich strength-bestowing UConn rush. 2.dl Vayu-Indra- and a. cetathah [cca. 16th c. bce s- ca Vedic Sanskrit: ॑ (12) ॑ ँछ वाय॒िवनॎि चेतथः सुतानां वािजनीवसू v ´ sut ´ v ¯ ı vas ¯ ¯ ı ndra ´ ¯ an ¯ ajin ¯ ayav- ¯ . . . gveda , 1.002.5 a ) पिष॒रॎ तःया॑ उ॒त िद्श॒षः p ´ t ´ asy ¯ ut ´ .´ . . i . gveda , 2.007.2 c )

Mitrovi´ a e e m you. 2.sg.nom c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 o them. pl.dat a lord. m.sg.voc o strength. n.sg.acc give. 2.pl.aor.imp ( YH , 10.4) s a truth. n.sg.inst s e m power. n.sg.acc a and ‘O Lord, may you give strength to them2 through Truth and that power [...]’ ( YH , 29.10) nels 44 z UConn ’ huru θ ma increase. m.sg.nom wisdom. m.sg.gen [...]. a haoma haoma. m.sg.voc raose and uta grow. 2.subj.mid toward [cca. 16th c. bce gara mountain. sg.m.loc (13) Old Avestan: ‘And [thus] may you grow upon that mountain, O Haoma, [bringing] the increase of wisdom, paiti a. atu ldzam amQuruh amoah esoar mazd ˚ arag itiap b. mVZUY OiibiEa Aruha OJoa AtAd ahur ¯ aog ¯ d ¯ at ¯ y ¯ u ˇ a ¯ eibii ¯ ACa mvrQaCx Ac a ˇ .¯ x ˇ c ¯ . a θ r

Mitrovi´ life nostrum of us [...] ‘to highest welfare and all our [lives]’ (Cic., Or. , 1.VI.27-8) b. utem omnium safety que and ‘the life and safety’ (Cic., Or. , 1.VI.28-9) nels 44 c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 all to ad (14) Classical Latin: a. ad to summam utmost rem weal ublicam common atque and UConn p ¯ sam ¯ v ¯ ı am

Mitrovi´ and kass (StBoT. 24. ii .60-61) ’ ‘Charioteers and all the golden grooms. all humandan ya a grooms.golden skin c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 s (2BoTU. 23.1.33-35) ’ this. nom and feared. 3.sg.m [ud]u.a.lum nels 44 (KUB 41.8 iv 30.) ‘and let (both) this city and house become the ram’ become. 3sg.imp u -ru ram and za a house. nom parnanzass city. nom uru -az ptc ‘And they killed Mursilis and they shed blood and Hantilis was afraid. charioteers nahsariyatati ieir (15) Hittite: [cca. 16th–13th c. bce nu and an prt Mursilin Mursilis. acc kuennir they.killed and sar blood nu shed. 3.pl nu Hantilis Hantilis and UConn a. 𒉢 𒆎𒀮 𒈭𒌩𒋜𒇸𒅕 𒆫𒂘𒉫 𒉢 𒂋𒊭 𒅀𒂋𒅖 𒉢 𒄪𒀮𒋿𒇸𒄒 𒈿𒄵𒊔𒊒𒅁𒋬𒋿 k ´ e ˇ b. 𒀮𒋘𒆴𒊐𒈩𒌎 𒇾𒈩𒌎𒄒𒄗𒍒𒆦 𒅁 𒄸𒈡𒀮𒁖𒀮 u . me ˇ an ˇ su.kur.ra.me ˇ l ´ s is.gu ˇ c. 𒅘 𒊔 𒍞 𒌸𒊎 𒉻𒅉𒈿𒀮𒍞 𒊔 𒌸𒀁𒈞 𒁻𒊓 d `

Mitrovi´ ’ eny the Moravians. pl.inst c & Sauerland: Decomposing coordination / nels 44 sent. 3.sg.aor u to carju tsar. sg.dat Mixailu M. sg.dat ‘the Prince of Moravia took counsel with his Moravian princes and appealed to Emperor Michael, [...]. ( Vita Constantini , 14 2 ) with u I ze but gljo tell. 1.sg.pres u you. dat ... ‘But I tell you ... ’ ( Codex Marianus , Mat. 5:28) nels 44 Moravl˛ posla s ezi (16) Old Church Slavonic: [10th c. ad u counsel. m.sg.acc utvori took. 3.sg.aor u with kn˛ UConn princes. pl.inst svoimi and i poss.refl.inst a. съвҍтъ сътвори съ кнѧзи своими и с s ˘ uv ˘ et ˘ s ˘ s ˘ Моравлѧнь посла къ царйу Михаилу k ˘ b. Азъ же глѭ вамъ Az ˘ ˇ ¸ vam ˘