Cross-national patterns associated with adult learning systems: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Cross-national patterns associated with adult learning systems: Patterns of participation and outcomes RICHARD DESJARDINS UCLA Department of Education Leuven, Belgium, September 2018

Overview What is meant by Adult Learning Systems? ▪ Cross-national patterns of participation ▪ Cross-national patterns of outcomes ▪

Definition of Adult Learning Systems and some features ALS refer to mass of organized learning opportunities available to ▪ adults … … along with their underlying structures and stakeholders that shape their organization and governance General features of ALS concept ▪ Comprises governance, financing & provision structures (institutions, policies) Beyond the responsibility of any given ministry, institution or stakeholder Embedded in society at intersection of other systems (E&T, LM, Welfare) Not commonly seen as a system per se, but some countries feature more coordination and integration of key elements (common language and vision)

Key elements of an effective Adult Learning System Institutions and policies Opportunities to work (gainful employment) Policies and Employment programmes policies and related to programmes basic skills Dynamic and inclusive ALS Policies and Policies and programmes programmes related to non- related to formal formal education education Coordination??? Trade Ministries Providers PES/ALMPs Employers unions

Major types of organized adult learning ….include FE qualifications attained by non-traditional students and NFE ▪ FE types include…. ▪ … Adult Basic Education(ABE) (may lead to ISCED: 1,2 for 19+) Formal and non-formal – latter may involve modules that can lead to basic qualifications … Adult General Education(AGE) (may lead to ISCED: 3 for 21+) Typically formal – usually upper secondary equivalence (e.g. GED) … Adult Vocational Education(AVE) (may lead to ISCED: 4 for 21+, 5b for 26+) Formal and non-formal – extent of formal depends on how well country’s VET system is developed … Adult Higher Education(AHE) (leads to ISCED: 5b,5a for 26+; 6 for 30+) Formal if part of programme that leads to qualification or non-formal if one-off extension courses NFE ... provisions may be flexibly linked to qualifications related to ABE/AGE/AVE/AHE ▪ ABE, AHE mentioned may be non-formal and may be linked to ALE or AVE Adult Liberal Education(ALE), for community, leisure, or basic skills related reasons Non-formal AVE (most common) - Basic level training may be linked to ABE (usually government-supported) - Medium level (for safety, informational and efficiency reasons) (mostly firm- supported, may be government supported, e.g. for SMEs) - Advanced/specialized (for profession, innovation) (mostly firm- and self- supported)

Some barriers to creating an effective Adult Learning System Common barriers ▪ Poor coordination and integration of provision Flexible integration of NFE, ABE, AGE, AVE, AHE to qualifications, as well as ALMPs Lack of openness of FE structures/qualification system to non-traditional students Lack of flexibility, customization, and public support Lack of shared/common language, understandings, purpose and vision Keeping separate structures for youth who succeed faster and more efficiently (elitist and selective approach)

Distinguishing factors of advanced ALS Hypothesis: Countries that can successfully coordinate an effective ▪ ALS that is dynamic and inclusive will prosper more in an open global knowledge economy Based on concept of Institutional Comparative Advantage in the Varieties of Capitalism literature Distinguishing factors of advanced ALS in different countries ▪ Degree of openness of FE systems to non-traditional students Flexible and open qualification systems linking to AE and non-formal provisions A higher level of integration of ABE-AVE-AHE and ALE Diverse provision catering to diverse needs Targeting and outreach to socially disadvantaged adults High and widely distributed participation in AE & foundation skills

Cross-national patterns of participation

Extent of AE: Stock vs flow Stock ▪ Past Formal AE that has led to qualifications Adults participated in credentialed (degree or diploma) programs Including: Basic skill courses (ABE, AGE)  ISCED 1, 2, 3 Apprenticeships (AVE)  ISCED 4, 5b Higher education (AHE)  ISCED 5a, 6 Qualifications attained at older ages Flow ▪ Current (last 12 mths) Formal and non-formal AE  future qualification? Adults participate in: Basic skills courses; Credential (degree or diploma) programs; Apprenticeships; Work-related courses; Informal learning at work; Personal interest/personal development courses Excludes students in regular initial cycle (those following front-loaded path to qualifications)

Stock of qualifications attained via AE Denmark 5 20 1 7 10 Norway 6 10 7 12 2 Sweden 4 8 6 9 4 Finland 0 13 3 10 5 Canada 1 2 9 8 6 New Zealand 2 5 5 10 5 United States 1 9 6 7 3 Germany 1 12 4 4 5 Netherlands 2 13 0 8 2 Australia 1 9 4 8 3 England (UK) 4 12 0 5 4 Chile 4 8 0 5 5 Israel 0 2 0 16 5 OECD Average 2 7 4 6 3 Ireland 1 1 10 6 4 Slovenia 1 8 0 7 5 Lithuania 1 4 8 5 1 Northern Ireland (UK) 2 9 0 3 3 Estonia 2 6 3 4 4 Singapore 0 1 2 9 6 Poland 0 9 4 5 0 Korea 0 1 0 9 3 Spain 4 4 1 4 1 France 2 7 0 3 1 Italy 3 4 1 6 0 Czech Republic 1 7 2 3 1 Austria 1 3 3 3 2 Greece 1 2 4 5 1 Russian Federation² 0 0 3 5 2 Turkey 3 2 0 2 1 Slovak Republic 0 5 0 3 0 Cyprus¹ 0 2 0 4 1 Flanders (Belgium) 0 3 1 1 1 Japan 0 1 0 1 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Percent ISCED 2 or lower (19+) ISCED 3 (21+) ISCED 4 (21+) ISCED 5b (26+) ISCED 5a BA (26+), MA, PHD (30+)

Recent AE flow in formal provisions Expected to add to stock of qualifications New Zealand 1 3 2 3 4 England (UK) 2 7 0 1 3 Norway 1 2 3 1 5 Ireland 1 1 6 2 3 Netherlands 1 5 0 2 4 Australia 1 2 2 2 3 Finland 0 4 2 0 6 Denmark 2 3 1 2 3 Canada 0 1 5 2 3 Sweden 2 2 4 0 2 Spain 3 3 1 1 3 United States 0 1 4 2 4 Israel 0 0 0 4 6 Northern Ireland (UK) 2 5 0 1 2 OECD Average 1 2 2 1 3 Chile 0 1 0 4 3 Slovenia 0 1 0 3 4 Turkey 1 4 0 1 2 Singapore 1 0 2 2 3 Estonia 1 1 1 1 3 Flanders (Belgium) 0 2 1 2 1 Germany 0 1 2 1 1 Russian Federation² 0 0 1 0 3 Austria 0 1 0 1 2 Lithuania 0 1 1 1 2 Greece 0 1 1 0 2 Poland 0 1 1 0 2 Italy 1 0 0 0 3 Slovak Republic 0 1 0 0 2 Czech Republic 0 1 0 0 2 France 1 1 0 0 1 Cyprus¹ 0 1 0 0 2 Korea 0 0 0 1 2 Japan 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Percent ISCED 2 or lower (19+) ISCED 3 (21+) ISCED 4 (21+) ISCED 5b (26+) ISCED 5a BA (26+), MA, PHD (30+)

Recent AE flow in all types of provisions Non-employer supported Employer-supported Norway 5 3 1 8 42 1 61 Denmark 6 4 2 7 43 1 64 New Zealand 6 5 2 9 41 1 65 Netherlands 8 4 1 8 40 1 62 Finland 8 4 2 7 41 1 63 Sweden 9 4 2 5 41 2 63 Singapore 6 3 0 5 39 2 55 England (UK) 5 3 1 9 35 1 53 United States 6 6 1 6 38 1 57 Canada 7 4 1 7 36 1 56 Australia 4 4 2 7 34 1 52 Germany 6 5 1 2 35 1 51 Northern Ireland (UK) 5 2 1 6 32 1 47 Czech Republic 4 4 0 2 35 1 47 Estonia 7 5 1 4 32 2 51 Flanders (Belgium) 6 4 1 3 31 1 46 OECD Average 6 5 1 4 30 1 47 Israel 6 5 1 5 26 2 46 Austria 6 6 1 2 31 1 47 Ireland 6 6 3 6 27 0 48 Slovenia 7 6 1 4 27 1 46 Chile 5 7 1 4 25 1 43 Korea 9 10 1 1 26 3 49 Japan 5 7 0 0 27 1 41 Spain 8 7 2 3 23 1 43 France 4 3 1 2 24 0 34 Cyprus¹ 5 7 1 2 21 1 36 Lithuania 4 4 1 2 21 1 32 Slovak Republic 2 5 0 2 21 0 30 Poland 4 5 1 1 21 1 32 Italy 2 3 1 1 15 0 22 Russian Federation² 3 2 0 2 10 1 18 Turkey 3 2 1 3 8 1 18 Greece 3 6 1 1 7 0 19 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Adult Formal Education (AFE) (qualifications) - Job related Non-Formal Education (NFE) only - Job related AFE/NFE - Non-job related Total participation

Growth of AE Since the 1990s Annualized Percent of adults participating Annualized Percent of adults participating in growth in any AE in PIAAC vs IALS growth rate employer supported AE in PIAAC rate vs IALS 5 Chile 43 8 19 Ireland 34 8 5 Ireland 48 7 Chile 22 31 8 5 Flanders (Belgium) 7 47 Flanders (Belgium) 36 22 11 4 6 Poland 32 Netherlands 49 14 17 4 5 Czech Republic 47 Poland 23 27 8 3 5 Netherlands 62 Canada 44 36 16 3 5 Canada 55 Italy 16 31 8 4 2 Czech Republic Northern Ireland (UK) 46 38 32 20 3 2 New Zealand Slovenia 52 46 26 33 3 2 Northern Ireland (UK) 39 New Zealand 65 23 46 3 2 Denmark 52 Norway 61 35 48 2 United States 2 44 United States 56 28 42 2 Slovenia 32 1 England (UK) 22 54 45 2 Norway 51 1 Denmark 64 38 56 2 England (UK) 45 1 Sweden 32 63 53 2 Sweden 49 1 34 Finland 63 58 2 Finland 50 0 38 Italy 22 22 20 0 20 40 60 20 0 20 40 60 80 Percent LFS annualized % change (ca 1992-2014) Percent LFS annualized % change (ca 1992-2014) PIAAC 2012-2015 PIAAC 2012-15 IALS 1994-1998 IALS 1994-1998