Contents Development of solar PV power in the world Potential PV - PDF document

Development of building-integrated photovoltaics for solar energy applications Prof. YANG Hongxing Renewable Energy Research Group (RERG) Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 13-12-2018 Contents  Development of solar PV power in the world  Potential PV and BIPV applications in the future  Study on PV integration in vertical PV wall  Study on PV integration in windows  Conclusions 1

Annual PV installation 2000-2017 （ MW, DC ） • Total annual installation in 2017: 98GW • Annual installation in China in 2017: 53GW ， 54% of the world total Accumulated PV capacity 2000-2017 （ GW, DC ） At end of 2017: 402,5 GW. 2

Total regional PV capacity 2000-2017 （ GW, DC ） Until 2017 ， Asia contributes 54.5% to the total PV capacity, which is still growing ； Percentage of PV in Europe is declining: 28% in 2017 ； American continent: 19%. Top 10 countries of PV installation in 2017 （ GW ） 3

Percentage of power generation in 2017 （ % ） >5%: 6 countries ； >3%: 15 countries ； >1%: 29 countries ； Honduras: 13.26% ； Germany: 7.47% ； Greece: 7.34% ； Europe: 4% ； China: 3% 。 Type of PV modules 2007-2017 （ % ） In 2017: • Monocrystalline: 45% ； • Poly-crystalline: 51% ； • Thin film: 4% 。 4

PV system costs in Germany • The cost has been decreasing, from 4700€/kWp in 2016 to 1100€/kWp in 2017. • PV module cost is decreasing • BOS’ percentage is increasing。 Indian PV costs Average PV module cost: 0.53$/W in 2016 to 0.34$/W in Oct 2017. 5

PV costs in different regions and countries (2016) Item Mainland China Germany USA Hong Kong PV module (HK$/Wp) 5.74 7.8 7.8 7.8 Inverter (HK$/Wp) 0.8 2.6 3.3 3.9 Other devices (HK$/Wp) 1.6 1.8 3.6 12.4 Profit (HK$/Wp) 1.9 4.8 25.9 19.4 Installation (HK$/Wp) 10.0 16.9 40.5 43.4 Solar radiation (kWh/m 2 Yr) 1000-2000 900-1200 1200-2400 1350 Energy cost (cents/kWh) 47.8 100.8 150.5 202.2 PV installation and power generation in 2022 In 2020 ， world PV installation capacity: 700GW, and power generation: 730TWh ； In 2022 ， wolrd PV installation capacity: 860GW ， and power generation: 900TWh. 6

PV module cost in 2035 In 2035 ， 0.3USD/W --0.4USD/W. Prediction of PV power until 2050 In 2050, total power will be 6300TWh, 16% of the total power consumption. 7

Prediction of energy resource structure From German Advisory Council on Global Change （ Title ： World in Transition – Towards Sustainable Energy Systems, Flagship Report 2003 ） . Rapid development of PV power in China The 1GW PV project at Zhongwei City, Ningxia, China 8

Future trend of solar photovoltaic applications ——Building integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) BIPV ： refers to using photovoltaic materials, viz. solar cells and PV modules, to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof, skylights, windows or facades where the PV modules simultaneously serving as building envelope material and generating power. Future trend of solar photovoltaic applications ——Building integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Functions of BIPV  Power generator  Part of construction materials  Water proof  Shading  Noise barrier  Insulation  Natural lighting 9

Future trend of solar photovoltaic applications ——Building integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Advantages of BIPV  Power generation from renewable energy: clean and CO 2 emission reduction;  No need of expensive land is used in urban areas;  Reduction of construction cost due to replacement of cladding;  No power transmission is needed and power is used in the building;  Peak power demand is reduced as solar power is generated when needed;  Cooling load and lighting load may be reduced. BIPV applications An overview of applications of PV modules in buildings. 10

BIPV projects-rooftop  斜屋顶  平屋顶 BIPV projects: semi-transparent facade 11

BIPV Projects  Skylight and atrium  Shading type 1MWp solar roof project in Shenzhen  Shenzhen World Garden Flower Exhibition Park 12

BIPV of the South Railway Station in Nanjing Installation capacity: 10.67 MW. (The biggest single BIPV project in the world) PV module type: Poly-Si Annual energy output: 9.12 GWh Annual CO 2 emission reduction: 9000 tons BIPV of the Museum of Natural Science in Jiangxi Installation capacity: 3.05 MW PV module type: a- Si hollow PV module Installation method: BIPV on facades and roof 13

BIPV of Zhujiang City in Guangzhou Installation capacity: 185 kW PV module type: a- Si PV module Installation method: BIPV on the east and west facades BIPV in Huangshi of Hubei Installation capacity: 3 MW PV module type: Poly-Si PV module Installation method: BIPV on facades, roofs and shading panels 14

BIPV of Hanergy in Jiangsu Installation capacity: 67 KW PV module type: a- Si PV module Installation method: BIPV on facades Annual energy output: 33919 kWh Annual CO 2 emission reduction: 10 tons New BIPV claddings from Hanergy 15

BIPV applications in Taiwan 1MWp at Kaohsiung National Stadium (2009) PV in Hong Kong Advantages of BIPV •No land use; •BIPV provides electricity at the point of use; •The PV elements become an integral part of the building and reduce building material use; •Power is generated on site; •Cooling load can be reduced; •Renewable for low-carbon emission buildings. Lamma Power Plant PolyU EMSD HQ in Hong Kong in 1999 16

BIPV in Hong Kong: Wai Chai Tower BIPV project Year of 2002 installation Power 55 kWp capacity Type of Vertical façade; semi- integration transparent modules; roof integrated modules The BIPV projects in the Science Park The BIPV systems in the Science Park: •roof integration, •sun-shaded type and façade integration 17

Government building EMSD Headquarters at Kowloon Bay (350 kW) The Largest PV installation in Lammar Island: 1.0MWp PV modules: DuPont (Amorphous thin film) Developer: HK Electric  Amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules of 5,500 pieces and 3,162 amorphous/ microcrystalline silicon tandem junction TFPV modules;  Total generating capacity of 1 Megawatt and is expected to generate 1,100,000 kWh  Reduce 915 tonnes of carbon dioxide emission every year;  Capacity Factor – 12.9%  Design life – 20-25 years 18

Details of the FiT in Hon Kong Three types of FiT rates will be offered according to the installation capacity of your RE system: Capacity of the Renewable FiT rate Energy System (per unit of electricity -kWh) ≤ 10 kW HK$ 5 > 10 kW - ≤ 200 kW HK$ 4 > 200 kW - ≤ 1MW HK$ 3 The rates listed above are effective from 1 Oct 2018 onwards and will be reviewed regularly. BIPV potential study in Europe 19

1. Rooftop installation potential & PV output  The potential total active rooftop area of PV modules was calculated as 37.4km 2 . The total potential installation capacity is estimated as 5.97 GWp. A pot.  A = A ac . t pv A occu .      E = A G potential act . optimal stc  The potential PV electricity output is about 5,981GWh, accounting for 14.2% of the total electricity use in 2011.  Reduce the imports of coal and natural gas by 25% and 54% respectively and mitigate about 3 million tons of GHG emissions yearly. With an average global CAGR of 39% during 2014–2020, the annual global BIPV installation in 2020 is anticipated to be 11 GW. Source: (Global Industry Analysts, 2015) 20

European market analysis and forecast The total installed BIPV capacity in Europe will be 4.8GW in 2020! Source: (Global Industry Analysts, 2015) The global BIPV sales will triple by 2019, growth by 18.7%; Currently the BIPV market holds a market share of around 2% of the overall PV market, 13% by 2022. Current and forecasted BIPV penetration within the PV market for the period 2014-2021 Source: Nanomarkets , “Nanomarkets report BIPV Market Analysis and Forecast 2014-2021,” 2015. 21

BIPV market The most evolved BIPV market regions are Europe and the USA which combined currently account for around 70% of the worldwide market share. Source: Nanomarkets , “Nanomarkets report BIPV Market Analysis and Forecast 2014-2021,” 2015. Main applications for BIPV: roofing, walling and glass For 2020, around 3.5B€ will be invested in BIPV roofing in each Europe and USA, with a total worldwide BIPV annual investment exceeding 10B€. 22

BIPV Glass The total worldwide demand for BIPV glass will increase from €1B in 2015 to €6.3B in 2022. Europe will still be the largest market and will remain so through most of the forecast period 2015-2021. BIPV Walls In agreement with the other BIPV markets, Europe and the USA are and will be the regions leading the market. The total BIPV walling market will exceed €5B by 2021. 23

Our research in BIPV in Hong Kong Study of the overall energy performance of BIPV facade:  real-time power generation performance  thermal performance  natural lighting performance (1) Solar PV windows Airflow and heat transfer in open/close cavity    T x 0 Transparent PV module Close cavity Close cavity Y , V Open cavity Open cavity  T  x  0 U , V , T X , U 24