Considering the Meaning of Build Back Better from the experience of Catastrophe International Recovery Forum Enhancing Urban Resilience January 24, 2018, Kobe, Japan President, Toyohashi University of Technology Takashi Onishi 1
Build Back Better(BBB) in Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 • Priority 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Based on Priorities 1-3, BBB is a key concept for the restoration. • Priority 1: Understanding disaster risk • Priority 2: Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk • Priority 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience 2
BBB in the context of Japan, its disaster history • ・・・・ • 1896, Meiji Sanriku Earthquake, 21 thousand people dead. • 1933, Shouwa Sanriku Earthquake, 3 thousand people dead. • 1960, Chile Tsunami, 142 people dead. • 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake, 18 thousand people dead. Huge earthquake and tsunami disasters occurred many times repeatedly in the same area. The restoration must include the preparation against the next tsunami. 3
Tsunami hit Japan - Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture - Tsunami easily surmounted the Great Seawall. Photo originally provided by Taro-cho Fishery Cooperative; Courtesy of Cabinet Office, Government of Japan 4 4
Taro, Iwate Prefecture Seawalls were destroyed or come over. 5
Toni Hongo, Kamaishi, Iwate Higher places were safe, but lower palaces were devastated. 6
Toni Hongo The construction of seawalls enabled the housing development at lower area. 7
Yoshihama, Ohfunato, Iwate Hill settlements escaped from the damage. 8
Three measures are indispensable. • Disaster prevention: seawalls, water-breaks can prevent small or medium scale of tsunami from damaging communities. • Safe location of communities: The area where we have houses or other facilities for our use should be hopefully located safely with enough height. • Evacuation routes and places: People can evacuate to safe places when huge tsunami occurs. • Through these processes, science and technology should be fully applied. 9
A restoration housing with evacuation facilities in kesennuma City 10
Residents evacuated from the areas close to Fukushima 1 st NPP Percentage of those who responded that they would not return in residents' intention survey 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tomioka Machi Okuma Machi Futaba Machi Namie Machi Iidate Mura Kawamata Machi 11 2014 2016
Dual Status as Residents of the Affected Areas in Fukushima • The people evacuated can be registered in their hometown and in the place where they actually live. • The affected people can receive some civic services from the both local municipalities. • This dual status takes place substantially at present as a part of emergency treatments, but the proposal mentioned this should be established institutionally to be applied for a long time. 12
millions 100 120 140 20 40 60 80 0 and the Population Changes Great Disasters in The East Japan 1884 1888 1893 1898 1903 Meiji Ssanriku Tsunami 1908 1913 1918 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 Showa Ssanriku Tsunami 1947 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Total Population 1975 Chile Tsunami 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Grear East Japan 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090 2095 13 2100 2105 2110 2 １ …
Restoration in Population Declining Society • When it takes a long time to complete the restoration projects like in the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake, the economy and society will have changed significantly. • Therefore, BBB should mean to catch up with the new economic and social situation appearing in process of the restoration. • Integration of communities’ activities to prepare the reduction of population • Selection and concentration strategy for industrial development. 14
Responsibility for BBB. • Natural disaster: The principle of self-responsibility, if necessary, mutual assistance and public aid are desirable. • Man-made disaster: The accident of nuclear power plants requires the responsibility must be take by the policy promoter and business enterprises. • Those responsible must work for the BBB too. 15
Conclusion 1. BBB means restoring damaged communities so as not to be affected by similar disasters, utilizing science and technology. 2. BBB means restoring the lives of disaster victims to realize their hope as much as possible. 3. BBB means restoring the industry and social activities in the affected communities so as to avoid the influence of the disaster to the rest of the world. 4. BBB must consider that the restoring must be sustainable to the future society when it takes a long time. 5. Finally, the responsibility must be well considered when BBB strategy is implemented. 16
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