Conservation of Nature Governance & Equity Capacity-building workshop for Latin America and the Caribbean on achieving Aichi Biodiversity Targets 11 and 12 Dr. Thora Amend � Curitiba, Oct.2015
Why governance? organized by IUCN, once in a decade Why now? world's largest gathering of conservationists more than 6,000 participants of 170 countries (park World Parks Congress rangers, NGO workers, activists but also politicians and Sydney, Nov.2014 business representatives) discuss the future of the Earth's protected areas 8 streams Stream 6: Enhancing the Diversity & Quality of Governance 4 cross cutting themes : Capacity Development, Marine, World Heritage, New Social Compact
Why governance? Why now? World Parks Congress Sydney, Nov.2014
Why governance? Why now? Clear message of WPC: Local communities matter Two-thirds of the world's land occupied, used, or owned by indigenous communities and 80 percent of global biodiversity present in those lands the conservation community needs to build partnerships with traditional communities to enhance and preserve natural areas. In Durban, South Africa, at WPC 2003 Nelson Mandela, said: "I see no future for parks unless they address the needs of communities as equal partners in their development.” Mandela condemned unequal distribution of benefits and costs, and set out a vision of conservation where the interests of indigenous people and local communities are respected and protected. Sydney reasserted that message.
& development Conservation � Complementarity of approaches? Synergies? development perspective: from PA islands to from segregation to integrated conservation landscapes territorial perceptions PA as a “blind spot” in regional Isolated protected areas context – no mandate / no perceived connection with development agenda Conservation areas with buffer PA as service provider zones around them (ecosystem services) PA expected to generate linear conections between $ $ $ income via payment for protected areas = biological / ecosystem services (i.e. water, ecological corridors tourism, carbon storage) PA’s embedded in landscape PA’s “claimed” by local and with different types and regional stakeholders, as part intensities of resource use of their perceived territories / development rights
Why governance? Why now? Protected Areas: a shift of paradigms new roles and mandates for PA staff Protected Areas: Planning for one player who holds all the powers? I plan, you plan, we all make plans….. Need to jointly develop a vision and elaborate strategic plans for areas with conservation value, as part of regional development
Why governance? Why now? Protected Areas: a shift of paradigms 1 As it was – As it is becoming – protected areas have been: protected areas: run with, for and - in some cases planned and managed – by local people against local people run by many partners run by central government identified as essential for “set aside” from sustainable ecosystem services. mainstream concerns designed and managed as part of developed individually national & international systems managed as “islands” designed & managed at landscape scale Inspired by: A. Phillips 2002 + 2014
Why governance? Why now? Protected Areas: a shift of paradigms 2 As it was – As it is becoming – protected areas have been: protected areas: are in addition, linked with a range of established for biodiversity development objectives conservation focus also on rehabilitation and focus on preservation and restoration protection are managed adaptively in a longer managed reactively within term perspective short term frameworks are financed from diverse sources financed by the state in line with principles of CBD „s most relevant tool: Ecosystem Approach Inspired by: A. Phillips 2002 + 2014
http://www.marn.gob.sv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=162:especiales&id=699:areas-naturales-protegidas-con-un-nuevo-modelo-de-gestion-inclusiva “ Áreas Naturales Protegidas con un nuevo modelo de gestión inclusiva ” El Salvador. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN). Viernes, 17 de Diciembre de 2010 En este nuevo modelo se incluye una plena integración en la gestión del Parque, de las comunidades locales y de otros actores de la zona de influencia, en particular el gobierno local y los propietarios de terrenos privados colindantes. Los cambios sustanciales de este modelo de gestión fortalecerán la cultura ambiental de la población y su inclusión en el manejo y aprovechamiento de estas áreas, sin dejar de lado la preservación de los recursos naturales. Su implementación ha requerido la articulación de los derechos y deberes de cada actor bajo una visión compartida. Este esquema de gobernanza territorial busca obtener alternativas conjuntas que permiten lograr un balance adecuado entre la conservación y el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas. Ante este nuevo reto, la consolidación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas viene a ser un elemento central del actual Plan Estratégico del Ministerio, al reconocer la importancia que juega este Sistema en la conservación y en la consecuente provisión de servicios ecosistémicos (agua, mitigación de los efectos del cambio climático, protección del suelo, ecoturismo, espacios para realizar investigaciones científicas y de estudio, entre otros).
Why governance? Why now? PA paradigm shift new roles for managers Governance & Equity Conservation needs to pay more attention to the crucial ties between biological and cultural diversity, and to the conditions that Conservation needs equity: allow communities to be empowered for a fair sharing of the costs and conservation benefits of preserving biodiversity and managing natural resources in a sustainable way Conservation needs to respect human rights: “do no harm”…& have a positive impact on livelihoods wherever possible.
Why governance? Why now? IUCN Best Practice Guidelines No. 20 „Governance of Protected Areas – From understanding to action“ Why? Implementation of CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) is lagging behind in the area governance, participation, equity, and benefit sharing So, what is governance? The interactions among structures, processes and traditions http://www.iucn.org/pa_governance that determine how power and responsibilities are exercised, how decisions are taken, and how citizens or other stakeholders have their say . (Graham et al., 2003)
Why governance? Why now? Governance in the CBD PoWPA • Participation • Innovation • Respect • Benefit-sharing • Free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) • Governance principles for “Good Governance“
Governance – key terms PA management & governance Management what do we do? • specific aims to reach • actions to carry out • available means (human, financial...) • achieving or not the desired results management effectiveness Governance who decides what we do? and how we do it… • power , authority and responsibility • formal & informal, • relationships among actors http://www.WWF.org • “how to go about” all this: participation , equity, accountability, ... “good governance”
Governance – key terms Governance of PAs 1. 2. 3. Diversity Quality Vitality
Governance – key terms Governance in Conservation Rights-holders = actors socially endowed with legal or customary rights with respect to land, water and natural resources. Stakeholders = possess direct or indirect interests and concerns, but do not necessarily enjoy a legally or socially recognised entitlement. Aspects to take into account: various types of powers that the key actors apply when they take and implement decisions (i.e. regulatory, financial, related to knowledge or related to coercion) scale of decision-making and operations (i.e. local, at ecosystem level, national, trans-boundary, international) http://press.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CHAPTER7.pdf
Governance – key terms Governance terminology
Diversity of governance 1 G Governance is appropriate only when tailored to its specific context and effective in delivering lasting conservation results, livelihood benefits and the respect of rights. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2014-033.pdf
Diversity of governance
Diversity of governance Type A: Governance by government • Park Agency, Ministry, parastatal institution... • Often on lands owned by the government • Increasingly involved: government structures at sub- national and municipal levels • Possible delegation to NGOs or private operators Decision making authority, responsibility and accountability held and exercised by government (at various levels)
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