Compositionality and the Lexicon Bruno Mery 2009, April 10th - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Compositionality and the Lexicon Bruno Mery 2009, April 10th Lexique organis´ e pour la composition s´ emantique LaBRI, ´ equipe M´ ethodes Formelles Projet Signes – Universit´ e de Bordeaux

[1] Outline • State of the Lexicon • Types and Terms • Formulæ and Models JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[2] Lexical Semantics • A not-so-recent problem: single-sense lexicons • Sense disambiguation and lexical semantics • Linguistic and background knowledge • The advent of the Generative Lexicon • A gap within the formalism JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[3] Classical GL examples • Qualia • Co-predications – A quick cigarette (telic) – A heavy, yet interesting book – A partisan article (agentive) – Paris is a large, cosmopolitan city • Dot Objects – ? A fast, delicious salmon – ?? Washington is a small city – An interesting book ( I ) and signed a trade agreement – An heavy book ( ϕ ) with Paris – A large city ( T ) – A cosmopolitan city ( P ) JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[4] Our principles • Remain within reach of Montagovian compositional semantics • Allow both predicate and argument to contribute lexical information to the compound • Integrate within existing discourse models In [BMRBP], we advocate a system based on optional modifiers . JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[5] Overview of the Lexicon How much information should a lexicon store ? • Basic compositional data: number, type, optional character of arguments • Lexical data for adaptations: qualia, dot objects. . . • Constraints on modifiers induced by lexical data • Interpretation(s) of each term JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[6] The Type Language • Montagovian composition: – The result is close to a language-independent hierarchy of – Each predicate indicates the typing and concepts expected order for its arguments • GL-style concept hierarchy: Second-order typing , ` a la [GTL89] is needed – Types are different for every distinct for the integration of arbitrary modifiers: lexical behavior Λ αλ x A y α f α → R . ((read A → R → t x ) ( f y )) – A structure (typically, an ontology) details the specialization relations between types JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[7] The Term Language Each term comprises: • A standard λ -term attached to the main • A set of optional morphisms: sense: – Each a one-place predicate – Used, or not, for adaptation purposes – Used for compositional purposes – Each associated with a constraint : – Comprising detailed typing information local, global, ∅ – Including slots for optional modifiers f Living → F � � Id F → F grind – – Λ αβλ x α y β f α → A g β → F . ((eat A → F → t ( f x )) ( g y )) global , ∅ – Paris T f T → G , f T → L , f T → P � � Id T → T – L P G , global ∅ ∅ ∅ Plus interpretations. JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[8] A Lexical Entry Every lexeme is associated to an n -uple such as: , λ x T . ( f T → L , λ x T . ( f T → P , λ x T . ( f T → G Paris T , λ x T . x T � x ) x ) x ) � L P G global ∅ ∅ ∅ JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[9] Importing an existing GL • Main type and argument structure: main λ -term • Qualia -roles: local modifiers • Dot objects: local modifiers • Some specific constructions are global modifiers (e.g. grinding). • Inheritance structure: local modifier → parent JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[10] The calculus, summarized • First-order λ -bindings: usual composition • Open slots: generate all combinations of modifiers available • As many interpretations as well-typed combinations Paris is an populous city by the Seine river (( Λ ξ . λ x ξ f ξ → P g ξ → L . (and (populous P → t ( f x )) (riverside L → t ( g x )))) { T } Paris T λ x T ( f T → P x ) λ x T . ( f T → L x )) P L JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[11] Logical Formulæ • Many possible results • Our choice: classical, higher-order predicate logic • No modalities ( → interpretration) and(populous( f P (Paris) , riverside( f L (Paris))) JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[12] Models and Interpretation • Modularity: no real need to choose • Multiple formulæ, multiple interpretations • Locality principle • A first implementation target: Herbrand Universes • A straightforward extension to discourse and dialogue JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[13] Reasons of the approach • Remaining in a practical, compatible framework • Finding a simple model to multiple sense adaptation, extension, transfer. . . situations • Streamlining the cases described by GL • Keeping modularity and implementation in mind JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[14] Conclusion • A framework for all kind of lexical operations • A simple, streamlined model • Designed for identification of sense adaptations • Next : – Formal inquiries – Prototypes and testing JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery

[15] References [Jac01] Evelyne Jacquey. Ambigu¨ ıt´ es lexicales et traitement automatique des langues : mod´ elisation de la polys´ emie logique et application aux d´ everbaux [BMRBP] Christian Bassac, Bruno Mery, and Christian Retor´ e. d’action ambigus en franc ¸ais . PhD thesis, Universit´ e Towards a Type-Theoretical Account of Lexical de Nancy 2, 2001. Semantics. Journal of Language, Logic, and [MBR07a] Bruno Mery, Christian Bassac, and Christian Retor´ e. Information , TBP . To appear. A montagovian generative lexicon. In Formal [Gir71] J. Y. Girard. Une extension de l’interpr´ etation de Grammar , 2007. G¨ odel l’analyse et son application : l’´ elimination des [MBR07b] Bruno Mery, Christian Bassac, and Christian Retor´ e. coupures dans l’analyse et la th´ eorie des types. In A montague-based model of generative lexical Fenstad, editor, Proceedings Second Scandinavian semantics. In Reinhard Muskens, editor, New Logic Symp. , pages 63–92, North Holland, Directions in Type Theoretic Grammars . ESSLLI, Amsterdam, 1971. Foundation of Logic, Language and Information, 2007. [Gir72] J. Y. Girard. Interpr´ etation fonctionnelle et ´ elimination des coupures de l’arithm´ etique d’ordre sup´ erieur. [Nun93] Geoffrey Nunberg. Transfers of meaning. In ese de Doctorat d’ ´ Th` Etat, Universit´ e Paris VII, 1972. Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on [GTL89] Jean-Yves Girard, Paul Taylor, and Yves Lafont. Association for Computational Linguistics , pages Proofs and types . Cambridge University Press, New 191–192, Morristown, NJ, USA, 1993. Association for York, NY, USA, 1989. Computational Linguistics. JSM’09 — Compositionality and the Lexicon — Bruno Mery