Cognitive Mechanism and Locus of Tone Cognitive Mechanism and Locus of Tone Sandhi during Mandarin Chinese Spoken Word Production Jenn-Yeu Chen 1 , Train-Min Chen 2 , & You-Yu Dai 3 1 National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan ROC 師大 2 National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan ROC 成大 g g y 3 National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan ROC 中正 The Third International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages
Ackno Ackno knowledgement knowledgement ledgement ledgement � This research was supported by National Science Council � This research was supported by National Science Council, Taiwan, as well as by the Chiang Ching Kuo Foundation. It was part of an undergraduate research project carried out by was pa t o a u e g a uate esea c p oject ca e out y Mr. You-Yu Dai and supervised by the first author.
Thir Third T Thir Third T d Tone d Tone ne Sandhi ne Sandhi Sandhi in Mandarin Chinese Sandhi in Mandarin Chinese in Mandarin Chinese in Mandarin Chinese � Mandarin Chinese is a tone language which includes four basic Mandarin Chinese is a tone language which includes four basic tones (Tone 1 to Tone 4) and a neutral one (Tone 5). � The T3 sandhi is a pronunciation rule of Mandarin Chinese, which p , states that whenever two T3’s are in succession within the same word or the same prosodic unit, the first one must change into a tone that is indistinguishable from T2 (Xu, 1991). � For example, xi3zao3 ( 洗澡 , “take a bath”) is pronounced as [xi2zao3]. � Here, [xi2] is indistinguishable from the pronunciation of a character d h bl f h f h carrying a second tone such as 息 (xi2, “rest”).
Cat Categorical or Gradient Categorical or Gradient Cat gorical or Gradient gorical or Gradient � Categorical view: the sandhiT3 is categorically T2 Categorical view: the sandhiT3 is categorically T2. � Gradient view: the sandhiT3 retains its phonemic identity, but its articulation is adjusted so that it sounds similar to T2. This is akin j to a flap in pronouncing an English word latter , which sounds more like a /d/ than a /t/. � Based on the findings in the literature of no differences in f0 and slope between the sandhiT3 and the T2, Myers and Tsay (2003) suggested that the T3 sandhi, as is employed by Taiwan Mandarin d h h dh l d b d speakers, is categorical rather than gradient. � They noted that Beijing Mandarin speakers tended to produce a � Th t d th t B iji M d i k t d d t d lower and flatter sandhiT3 than a T2, and accordingly suggested that the T3 sandhi in Beijing Mandarin is more gradient than that the T3 sandhi in Beijing Mandarin is more gradient than categorical.
The T3 Sandhi The T3 Sandhi in the Cont in the Context of a W t of a Word Pr Production Model oduction Model � We addressed the issue by exploiting the feedforward discrete- stage model of word production proposed by Levelt and colleagues (Levelt, Roelof, & Meyer, 1999), as well as an experimental paradigm initially designed to test the predictions of th the model (Meyer, 1990). d l (M 1990)
Th The L e e e Levelt-R e e t -Roe oelofs-M oe oe o s -Meye eyer M eye eye r Mode odel ode � Word production consists of a stage of word form encoding and a Word production consists of a stage of word form encoding and a subsequent stage of actual articulation. � Word form encoding consists further of phonological encoding g p g g and phonetic encoding, which eventually results in the retrieval of syllable-sized abstract motor programs that drive the neuromuscular system for articulation. � Placed in this model, tone sandhi could occur during word form encoding or after it. If the former, tone sandhi may be considered d f f h f dh b d d as categorical. If the latter, it may be viewed as gradient.
The LRM Theory { horse}-{s } W W O phonological code retrieval R D ω ω ( / h / 1 , / o / 2 , / r / 3 , / s / 4 ) 1 - ( /I / 1 , / z / 2 ) 2 F σ σ ’ O R R syllabification M (prosodification) - E /ho ’r / 1 -/s I z/ 2 /h / / / N C syllabary O phonetic encoding D D ( h (phonetic code retrieval) i d i l) I [hors] [hor] [s I z] N [ ho ’ r ] - [ s I z ] G articulation ARTICULATION “horses” horses
The Im The Implicit Primin p p licit Priming Pa g g Paradi digm g hermit ~ loner e o e eco o y economy ~ local oc flower ~ lotus owe o us Learning Phase: Learning Phase: e e g g se se hermit loner Test Phase: Test Phase: screen shows participant says Homogeneous context set set 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 bea con m a jor lo ner Heterogeneous 5 5 bea dle bea dle m a ker m a ker lo cal lo cal context 6 bea ker m a ple lo tus
Im Impli p c t licit Primin Priming Ef g Effect ect a d ts ccou ect and i ect its ts A Accou ccou t ccount � RTs in the homogeneous context are faster than RTs in the g heterogeneous context. The difference has been referred to as the implicit priming effect of the shared phonological unit (the segment, the syllable, etc.). h ll bl ) � According to the computer implementation of the LRM model, a suspension-resumption mechanism allows the production system i ti h i ll th d ti t to prepare the word in advance for whatever is known, suspend the operation, and resume it when further information becomes t e ope at o , a esu e t w e u t e o at o eco es available during a production trial. The advanced preparation includes retrieving the phonological contents of a word, setting up the metrical frame, assembling the segments into a phonological word, retrieving the phonetic syllables from the mental syllabary, and possibly activating part of the articulatory gestures. The more d ibl ti ti t f th ti l t t Th that can be prepared in advance, the larger the effect.
Im Im Implicit Priming of T Implicit Priming of T plicit Priming of Tonal Syllable plicit Priming of Tonal Syllable nal Syllable nal Syllable homogeneous heterogeneous context context context context qing1 -liang2 qing1-liang2 (“ 清涼＂ cool) (“ 清涼＂ cool) qing1 -sheng1 xi2-su2 (“ 輕生＂ suicide) (“ 習俗＂ custom) qing1 ting2 qing1 -ting2 fei3 bang4 fei3-bang4 (“ 蜻蜓＂ dragonfly) (“ 誹謗＂ slander) q qing1 -jiao1 g j ke4-ben3 (“ 青椒＂ green pepper) (“ 課本＂ textbook) tonal syllable (IP = 46ms) y
Im Im Implicit Priming of A Implicit Priming of A plicit Priming of Atonal Syllable plicit Priming of Atonal Syllable onal Syllable onal Syllable homogeneous heterogeneous context context context context fei 1-dang4 fei1-dang4 (“ 飛彈＂ missile) (“ 飛彈＂ missile) fei 2-zhao4 ke2-tan2 (“ 肥皂＂ soap) (“ 咳痰＂ expectoration) fei 3-ji4 f i 3 ji4 xi3-yue4 i3 4 (“ 斐濟＂ Fiji) (“ 喜悅＂ joyful) fei 4-bu4 q qing4-zhu4 g (“ 肺部＂ lung) (“ 慶祝＂ celebrate) atonal syllable (IP = 12ms) y ( )
Rationale of the Present Study Rationale of the Present Study Rationale of the Present Study Rationale of the Present Study � To manipulate context such that target words become To manipulate context such that target words become homogeneous with respect to the first tonal syllables either before or after tone sandhi has applied. � Pre-sandhi heterogeneous / post-sandhi homogeneous: T3T3, T3T3, T2T3, T2T3 / T2T3, T2T3, T2T3, T2T3 � Pre-sandhi homogeneous / post-sandhi heterogeneous: T3T3, T3T3, T3T2, T3T2 / T2T3, T2T3, T3T2, T3T2 , , , , , ,
Post ost ost Sa ost-Sa Sandhi Sa d hi Homoge o ogeneous oge eous oge eous eous Homogeneous Set 1 2 3 4 起舞 演講 魚簍 執法 1 /qi3-wu3/ /yan3-jiang3/ /yu2-lou3/ /zhi2-fa3/ [qi2-wu3] [yan2-jiang3] [yu2-lou3] [zhi2-fa3] 乞討 眼角 愚蠢 直尺 erogeneous /yu2-chun3/ /zhi2-chi3/ 2 /qi3-tao3/ /yan3-jiao3/ [qi2-tao3] [yan2-jiao3] [yu2-chun3] [zhi2-chi3] Hete 奇險 延緩 雨水 止血 3 /qi2-xian3/ /yan2-huan3/ /yu3-shui3/ /zhi3-xie3/ [qi2-xian3] [yan2-huan3] [yu2-shui3] [zhi2-xie3] 祈禱 祈禱 沿海 沿海 語法 語法 紙板 紙板 4 /qi2-dao3/ /yan2-hai3/ /yu3-fa3/ /zhi3-ban3/ [qi2-dao3] [yan2-hai3] [yu2-fa3] [zhi2-ban3] • If tone sandhi occurs during word form encoding, target words would become If dhi d i d f di d ld b homogeneous with respect to the first tonal syllable, and a large implicit priming effect would be expected. • If tone sandhi occurs after word form encoding, target words would be homogeneous with respect to the first a tonal syllable, and a small effect should be the result.
Pr Pre-Sa e Sa Sandhi Sa d hi Homoge o ogeneous oge oge eous eous eous Homogeneous Set 1 2 3 4 導演 理想 古人 檢查 1 /dao3-yan3/ /li3-xiang3/ /gu3-ren2/ /jian3-cha2/ [dao2-yan3] [li2-xiang3] [gu3-ren2] [jian3-cha2] 搗鬼 裏海 骨牌 減肥 rogeneous 2 /dao3-gui3/ /li3-hai3/ /gu3-pai2/ /jian3-fei2/ [dao2-gui3] [li2-hai3] [gu3-pai2] [jian3-fei2] Heter 倒楣 李白 鼓手 剪綵 3 /dao3-mei2/ /li3-bai2/ /gu3-shou3/ /jian3-cai3/ [dao3-mei2] [li3-bai2] [gu2-shou3] [jian2-cai3] 島國 禮儀 谷底 簡短 4 /dao3-guo2/ /li3-yi2/ /gu3-di3/ /jian3-duan3/ [dao3-guo2] [li3-yi2] [gu2-di3] [jian2-duan3] Predictions are reversed: • If tone sandhi occurs during word form encoding, a small implicit priming effect would be expected. p • If tone sandhi occurs after word form encoding, a large effect should be the result.
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