for JMA/WMO Training Workshop on CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS in RA II (ASIA)
0. Overview of JMA ……… 3 – 4 1. Surface observation station ……… 5 - 8 2. Instruments in operational use ……… 9 - 14 About each meteorological variable ……… 9 – 12 Case examples of troubles and problems in instruments, and recovery work ……… 13 Issues and efforts in instruments in maintenance and calibration ……… 14 3. Standards and equipments for calibration ……… 15 – 24 National meteorological standards, working standards, traveling standards ……… 15 - 21 Equipment for calibration ……… 22 - 24 2
JMA’s operational services Observation is one of the Infrastructures of Meteorological Services Observations Analysis, Forecast, Application End User Space Based & NMHSs Computer System Observation for Meteorological Services Products Numerical Weather Upper Air Warnings, Advisories Prediction Observation Information Issuance Typhoon Forecast Data Collection Radar Weather Forecast Collection and Observation Dissemination of One Week Forecast Meteorological Data Aeronautical Met. Surface Information Observation Local Met. Observatories Marine Met. Information Ocean Observation International Data Provision of Data/Products Exchange Other NMHSs 3
Organization of Observations Department Director-General Observations Department Administration Division Office of Data and Information services Office of Antarctic observations Auxiliary Organs Observations Division Aerological Observatory Office of Observing System Operations Meteorological Instruments Center Office of Aviation Weather Observations Satellite Program Division Meteorological Satellite Center 4
JMA conducts surface weather observation at about 1,300 stations. ■ Manned Meteorological Observatory 62 Special Automatic Weather Station 94 □ Automatic Weather Station (4-parameter)(AMeDAS) 686 ■ Automatic Weather Station (3-parameter)(AMeDAS) 87 ○ Automatic Rain Gauge (AMeDAS) 361 × Snow Cover Meter (AMeDAS) 312 AMeDAS: Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System. The average interval of the station is about 21km for temp/wind observation, and 17km for rain. Okinawa 5
Overview of a surface observation station Manned Meteorological Observatory / AWS (Automated Meteorological Data Special Automatic Weather Station Acquisition System) outdoors indoors Wind vane and anemometer Wind vane & Barometer Anemometer Pyranometer Sunshine recorder Snowdepth Gauge (Laser type) Thermometer Sunshine recorder Rain Gauge Rain gauge (Tipping bucket) Data Converter & Processing Unit Thermometer Rain Detector Hygrometer 6
Case examples of troubles and problems in observation stations, and recovery works Outline of a trouble At an AWS, the vegetation (ivy) had closed the temperature screen (radiation shield, or vent sleeve). For this reason, inside of the temperature screen was filled with heat and extraordinary incorrect high temperature was observed. This temperature was recognized as the highest maximum temperature in September. Recovery work The staff of the local meteorological observatory went to the AWS, and weeded out the vegetation. Observational data was checked through tracing back to the past, and the temperature for two weeks, when the vegetation influenced temperature observation, was canceled. Check of the environment around the site was carried out at all the stations. (and, Very many costs were spent. ) 7
Issues and efforts in operation We increased the battery capacity of AWS on On 11 March 2011, “The 2011 off the islands in order to continue to observe for Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and about 72 hours even if power failure continues. Tsunami” happened, and then, surface observation was severely affected due to communications failure and power outage. before a Just after Battery box disaster a disaster In Addition, we already set the Solar array panel for special AWS which needs a mass power supply. The data of Hokkaido area was recovered after communication recovery. But Tohoku area was not recovered because of missing of data due to power outage. 8
About each meteorological variable Picture Manufacturer Current Interval of and Model status maintenance and calibration <Manned Meteorological <Manned (i) maintenance Barometer Observatory> Meteorological Including a verification with PTB330 Observatory> standard instruments. (Vaisala, Finland) since 2010 <Manned Meteorological Observatory> <Automatic Weather Station> <Automatic Weather every 1 year none Station> none <Automatic Weather Station> none (ii)calibration none <Manned Meteorological <Manned (i)maintenance Radiation Observatory> Meteorological <Manned Meteorological Shield JV-280 Observatory> Observatory> artificial ventilation since 2010 every 3 months (temperature Can be installed both thermometer and hygrometer. <Automatic Weather <Automatic Weather Station> screen) (ogasawara, Japan) Station> every 1 year since 2004 <Automatic Weather Station> (ii)calibration TV-250 none artificial ventilation 9 Can be installed thermometer. (ogasawara, Japan)
About each meteorological variable Picture Manufacturer Current Interval of and Model status maintenance and calibration <Manned Meteorological <Manned (i)maintenance Thermometer Observatory> Meteorological Including a verification with K5639AJ Observatory> standard instruments. (yokogawa, Japan) since 2010 <Manned Meteorological Observatory> <Automatic Weather <Automatic Weather every 3 months Station> Station> TS-3011C since 2004 <Automatic Weather Station> (yokogawa, Japan) every 1 year (ii)calibration none <Manned Meteorological <Manned (i)maintenance Hygrometer Observatory> Meteorological Including a verification with HMT333 Observatory> standard instruments. (Vaisala, Finland) since 2010 <Manned Meteorological Observatory> <Automatic Weather <Automatic Weather every 3 months Station> Station> none none <Automatic Weather Station> none (ii)calibration none 10
About each meteorological variable Picture Manufacturer Current Interval of and Model status maintenance and calibration <Manned Meteorological <Manned (i)maintenance Wind vane Observatory> Meteorological <Manned Meteorological and WS-JN6 Observatory> Observatory> (NEI, Japan) since 2010 every 3 months Anemometer <Automatic Weather Station> <Automatic Weather <Automatic Weather Station> FF-13 Station> every 1 year (NEI, Japan) since 2004 (ii)calibration every 5 years <Manned Meteorological <Manned (i)maintenance Rain gauge Observatory> Meteorological <Manned Meteorological WB0015 Observatory> Observatory> (yokogawa, Japan) since 2010 every 3 months <Automatic Weather Station> <Automatic Weather <Automatic Weather Station> RT-3 Station> every 1 year (ogasawara, Japan) since 2004 (ii)calibration every 5 years 11
About each meteorological variable Picture Manufacturer Current status Interval of and Model maintenance and calibration <Manned Meteorological <Manned Meteorological (i)maintenance Sunshine Observatory> Observatory> <Manned Meteorological recorder MS-094 since 2010 Observatory> (EKO, Japan) every 3 months <Automatic Weather <Automatic Weather Station> Station> <Automatic Weather Station> MS-093 since 2004 every 1 year (EKO, Japan) (ii)calibration every 5 years <Manned Meteorological <Manned Meteorological (i)maintenance Pyranometer Observatory> Observatory> <Manned Meteorological MS-402F since 2010 Observatory> (EKO, Japan) every 3 months <Automatic Weather <Automatic Weather Station> Station> <Automatic Weather Station> none since 2004 none (ii)calibration every 5 years 12
Case examples of troubles and problems in instruments, and recovery works Outline of a trouble Recovery work Fluctuation of the observed value of temperature occurred due to the fall The check procedure for of an insulation resistance value ( in other words ,“the current leak”) of temperature was improved so an electric thermometer. that insulation resistance Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 could be detected when a periodic check at the AWS is The number of cases 0 0 1 1 1 7 8 5 conducted. While observing in various environments, the fall of an insulation resistance value may occur according to accumulation of the damage by In specifically, the insulation external factors (for example, thunder etc.), or the aged deterioration of resistance tester was the sensor unit of the instrument. equipped to each Local Meteorological observatory, Change of the temperature at the time of and the check by staff were estimated correct temperature poor insulation resistance strengthened. measured temperature Temperature( C ) If there are indications of falling of insulation resistance through the test, the sensor unit will be replaced immediately. 13
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