Building the Synergy for Water- Energy-Food Security: the Nexus - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Building the Synergy for Water- Energy-Food Security: the Nexus Perspective Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Holger Hoff, Vishal Mehta, Brian Joyce, David Yates Panel Discussion on Water-Food-Energy Nexus Policy Dialogue on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI): “Strengthening the ASEAN Community through STI Collaboration” 9-10th November, Bangkok, Thailand

Climate, water, energy, food and emissions are intricately linked Water supply is influenced by climate. Climate changes + hydrology and we can adapt to those changes by re-operating infrastructure Source: Vishal

+ • Climate also influences both water and electricity demand. • When it’s hot, we use more electricity for air conditioning; and more water for agricultural production. • When its cold, we use more energy for space heating. Source: Vishal

Meanwhile energy generation needs a lot of water, for the mining and processing of fuels, cooling of thermal and nuclear powerplants, and the production of hydropower … Source: Vishal

…while energy is needed for pumping and treating water and waste-water, and for various uses at home … Source: Vishal

…and fossil fuel combustion for energy production emits climate changing GHGs Source: Vishal

So, clear links between climate, water, energy and food Source: Vishal "It remains important to work on sectoral solutions with sectoral expertise and data, and not lower ambitions by simply referring to the nexus (`everything is connected with everything else’).” Holger Holf, March 2012 quoted in IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks)

Overview 1. Challenges and tightening constraints 2. Water, energy and food security nexus 3. Opportunities to improve water, energy and food security 4. Nexus in the context of ASEAN countries 5. Conclusions 6. References 7. Acknowledgement Source: Hoff, 2011

1. Challenges and Tightening Constraints 1. Degrading ecosystem services 2. Rapidly increased demand : agricultural production will have to increase by 70% by 2050 & 50% more primary energy by 2035 3. Climate change : likely to aggravate pressure on resources, so add to the vulnerability of people and ecosystems, 4. Urbanization continues apace: half of the world’s pop. lives in cities, now 1 billion urban slum dwellers and will increase to 2 billion by 2030. 5. Globalization (e.g. trade, FDI) : + bring technological innovation, job and provide resources, economic connectedness, exposes to global market ~If externalities are accounted for or ‘internalized’ can the benefits of globalization be shared equitably and natural capital maintained.

Globalization Meat Consumption in China water use for food (per capita) Source: Liu et al 2008

Globalization Meat Consumption in China China‘s soy imports increase by 20% per year…. largely from Brazil – with soy exports increasing by 15% per year….

sustainable and inclusive intensification (Green Economy)? loss of soil & vegetation carbon from Cerrado greater rural inequity externalities: soy cultivation, Cerrado sugar cane further south

pushing the agricultural frontier into Amazonia new development corridors through Amazonia for port access annual deforestation rates of up to 25,000 km 2 externalities:

annual deforestation rates of up to 25,000 km 2 deforestation hotspots pasture expansion cropland expansion Wassenaar et al 2007

pushing the agricultural frontier into the Amazon new development corridors for port access annual deforestation rates of up to 25,000 km 2 increasing risk of „savannization“ if deforestation „tipping point“ is reached Nobre et al 2009

pushing the agricultural frontier into the Amazon new development corridors for port access annual deforestation rates of up to 25,000 km 2 increasing risk of „savannization“ if deforestation „tipping point“ is reached potentially affecting water supply in the La Plata basin „teleconnections“ Marengo et al 2009

Will the rest of the world follow China (or Europe)? 4 000 (kilo calories per person per day) Animal calories Average per captia food supply 3 500 Vegetal calories 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 USA EU 15 Mexico Brazil Nigeria Kenya India Bangla Indone China For every country the columns represent : 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 Source: Lannerstad 2009

Tradeoffs may increase resource squeeze Externalities of mono-sectoral optimization Hoff, 2011 e.g.: energy intensity of water production surface water ground water reused desalination wastewater factor 10 higher for desalination (”bottled electricity”) e.g.: water intensity of electricity generation photo concentrating gas coal / oil hydropower biofuels voltaics solar power / nuclear m 3 / MWh ~ 0 ~ 2 ~ 1 ~ 2 ~ 60 ~ 180 http://en.wikipedia.org/ 18

2. Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus SEI’s nexus diagram Source: Joyce, B.

2. Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus • Nexus approach – an approach that integrates management and governance across sectors and scales. A nexus approach can also support the transition to a Green Economy, which aims, among other things, at resource use efficiency and greater policy coherence. • Nexus approach can boost this potential by addressing externalities across sectors. For example, nexus thinking would address the energy intensity of desalination, or water demands in renewable energy production or water demands of afforestation for carbon storage. Water is an essential input for all biomass growth and hence for all • ecosystem services and associated jobs and livelihoods. Improved water resources and intact ecosystems (‘natural infrastructure’) can mutually reinforce each other and generate additional benefits.

3. Opportunities to improve water, energy and food security (1/2) • Nexus approach can support a transition to sustainability, by reducing trade-offs and generating additional benefits that outweigh the transaction costs associated with stronger integration across sectors. Such gains should appeal to national interest and • encourage governments, the private sector and civil society to engage.

3. Opportunities to improve water, energy and food security (2/2) 1. Increasing resource productivity 2. Using waste as a resource in multi-use systems 3. Stimulating development through economic incentives . 4. Governance, institutions and policy coherence 5. Benefiting from productive ecosystems 6. Integrated poverty alleviation and green growth 7. Capacity building and awareness raising

Capacity building and awareness raising Software Development Approach Building a dialog between water and energy practitioners. 23

Integrated Climate-Water-Energy-Emissions Framework Links 2 Decision Support Platforms WEAP • climate-driven hydrology • climate-driven sectoral wate demand • water systems operation • water allocation LEAP • climate-driven electricity demand • electricity production and dispatch from various fuels • GHG emissions Source: Vishal

Long range Energy Alternatives Planning System www.energycommunity.org • Integrated energy planning and GHG mitigation assessment. • Local, national, regional and global applicability. • Energy, emissions and cost-benefit assessment. • Powerful and user-friendly data management, reporting & scenario building tools. • Choice of methods: simulation/optimization & engineering/econometrics. Specialized models available for detailed assessment of transport and electric generation sectors. • 1000s of users in 190 countries including Governments, NGOs, utilities, universities, consulting companies. • Widely applied by countries undertaking GHG mitigation assessments for their National Communications to the UNFCCC, and for developing Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS). Source: Joyce, B.

Energy for a Shared Development Agenda: A Global Assessment for Rio+20, 2012 Emissions • Explores how global energy systems can be reconfigured to address sustainability whilst also providing meaningful development and poverty alleviation. • Study led by SEI with involvement of IIASA, PBL, TERI and WRI. • Energy and emissions Poverty scenarios to 2050 developed in LEAP for 22 global regions. • Three scenarios: – Baseline – Basic Energy Access – Shared Development Agenda • Published at Rio+20 Source: Joyce, B.

Water Evaluation And Planning System www.weap21.org • Integrated watershed hydrology and water planning model • GIS-based, graphical drag & drop interface • Physical simulation of water demands and supplies • Additional simulation modeling: modeling equations and links to spreadsheets, scripts & other models • Scenario management capabilities • Groundwater, water quality, reservoir, hydropower and financial modules Source: Joyce, B.

WEAP Application in Northeast Thailand Schematic view of Huai Sai Bat River Basin, Thailand Results of Development Scenarios

4. Nexus related issues in the Context of ASEAN countries • Hydropower development • Development of biofuels • Irrigation Development • Desalination • Sewerage Treatment • Agriculture structure • Energy for fertilizers • Etc. Source: Joyce, B.