Brian R. Swett, Chief of Environment and Energy, City of Boston email EnvironmentalEnergy@cityofboston.gov web www.cityofboston.gov/environmentalandenergy/ & www.greenovateboston.org
City has been tracking municipal and community emissions since 2005 Both are on track to achieve reduction goals set by Mayor Menino Efficiency programs have kept emissions stable, despite growth in population and jobs A drop in emissions factors have resulted in the largest reduction in emissions Further investment from the C/I sector is needed to reach its goals
2012: Warmest Year on Record in the U.S. by one full degree Difference from the average temperature ( o F) -8 +8
July 2012 Warmest Month Ever Recorded in the U.S. 3.3°F above the 20th-century U.S. average
Sea- level ≈ 10” over past 100 years Boston Harbor Tide Gauge
Coastal Vulnerability is Increasing Mean High Water + 5’ : Projected to occur by mid to late century Equivalent to flooding from Hurricane Sandy if it hit during high tide! Photo Credit: TBHA, 2012
Leading by Example City of Boston Municipal GHG Emissions ✔ “The City of Boston…shall strive to meet or exceed the goal of reducing its annual greenhouse gas emissions seven percent below 1990 levels by 2012 ” – Mayor Menino, 2007 Executive Order “Boston City government intends to reduce the GHG emissions from municipal operations at least 25 percent below 1990 levels by 2020 ” – A Climate of Progress: City of Boston Climate Action Plan Update 2011
Municipal GHGs 200,000 190,000 180,000 Metric Tons CO 2 e Emissions 170,000 2012 Goal 160,000 Baseline 150,000 2020 Goal 140,000 130,000 120,000 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 Fiscal Year Municipal Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
5 of the City’s GHGs 75% Departments Emit Municipal GHG Emissions by Department Graphic Arts 200,000 Inspectional Services Neighborhood Development 180,000 2012 Goal Arts, Tourism, & Events 160,000 Emergency Medical Services 2020 Goal Transportation 140,000 Parks and Recreation 120,000 Metric Tons CO 2 e Water and Sewer Commission Center for Youth and Families 100,000 Public Works 80,000 Fire Library 60,000 Public Health Commission 2050 Goal 40,000 Property & Construction Mgmt Police 20,000 Public Works - Streetlights 0 Boston Public Schools FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 Municipal Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Community GHG Emissions & Mitigation Strategies “The Climate Action committees recommended that the Boston community reduce its overall greenhouse gas emissions 25 percent by 2020 and 80 percent by 2050 ” – A Climate of Progress: City of Boston Climate Action Plan Update 2011
Emissions are 9% Since 2005 Community GHG Emissions 8,000,000 7,567,000 7,500,000 Metric Tons of CO 2 e 7,000,000 6,915,000 6,500,000 6,000,000 2020 Goal, 5,675,250 5,500,000 5,000,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Community GHG Reductions by Sector 4,500,000 -11% 4,000,000 3,500,000 Metric Tons CO 2 e 3,000,000 -3% 2,500,000 2,000,000 -9% 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 -24% 0 Residential Comm/Ind Transportation MWRA 2005 2011 Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Per capita emissions in Boston are decreasing 12.9 to 11.1 over past 6 years C/I emissions per job 7.6 to 6.4 Between 2005 - 2011 Population in Boston 6% Since 2005 Jobs in Boston 5% Since 2005 Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Emissions Altered by a Change in Steam Production and a Switch to Natural Gas Percent GHG Reductions by Source, 2005-2011 3,500,000 -9% 3,000,000 2,500,000 Metric Tons CO 2 e 2,000,000 -3% +5% 1,500,000 1,000,000 -27% -46% +4% 500,000 -21% 0 Electricity Natural Fuel Oil Steam Gasoline Diesel Waste Gas 2005 2011 Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
The Emissions Factor has been the Major Driver of Electricity Emissions Reduction Electricity Use and GHG 1.05 1 Index (2005=1) 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Consumption CO2e Emissions Factor Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Shift from Coal & Oil to Natural Gas Causing Electricity Emissions Factor to Drop (source: New England ISO) 131,877 GWh 120,610 GWh 0.6% 1.0% 100% 5.1% 5.0% Other 90% renewables* Wood/refuse 26.2% 80% 28.4% biomass Nuclear 70% Generation (GWh) 6.1% 7.8% Hydroelectric 60% 12.6% 13.2% 50% Oil/gas dual use 40% Natural gas 29.3% 30% Oil 38.4% 20% 4.3% Coal 10% 15.7% 0.2% *Wind, solar, municipal solid waste, steam 5.9% 0% 2005 2011 Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Steam Emission Factor Falls Steam Fuel Source, 2000 - 2011 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 Million BTUs 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Why? No. 6 Oil No. 2 Oil Natural Gas Switch from Oil to Natural Gas Increase in Cogen Steam Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Transportation Emissions Drop Due to More Efficient Vehicles VMTs and GHG 1.02 1.01 VMTs All Vehicles 1.00 Index (2005 = 1) Total CO2e 0.99 CO2e per 0.98 Vehicle Mile 0.97 0.96 0.95 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Community Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
GHG Reduction Strategies Strategy Jurisdiction Share of Goal Status Utility Energy Efficiency Programs State 31% Implemented Renewable Portfolio Standard State 11% Implemented Energy Efficiency Retrofit Ordinances Boston 7% On Hold Appliance Standards Federal 5% Implemented Behavior Change Boston 3% Under Way Oil Heat Efficiency Program State/Boston 3% Under Development Reporting and Disclosure Boston 2% Under Development LCFS For Heating Fuels State 2% Pending Building Codes State 2% Delayed Stretch Building Code Boston 1% Implemented Cool Roofs Boston 1% Under Development Federal/State Mileage and GHG Standards Federal/State 14% Implemented Mass Transit/Parking State/Boston 5% Under Way Car Sharing Boston 2% Implemented Bike Programs Boston 1% Implemented Behavior Change - Transportation Boston 4% Under Way Low-C/Renewable Vehicle Fuel Standards Federal/State 5% Pending Anti-Idling Boston <1% Implemented Commercial Solid Waste Reduction Boston 2% Under Development Residential Solid Waste Reduction Boston 1% Under Way
Commercial/Industrial Emissions & Mitigation Strategies The 2010 Leadership Committee report projected a 23 percent reduction in GHG emissions by 2020 for C&I sector in recommending the community goal.
Commercial/Industrial GHG Emissions 4,200,000 4,000,000 Metric Ton of CO 2 e 3,800,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 2020 3,200,000 Goal, 23% 3,000,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 C/I Sector Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
C/I GHG Reductions 2005-2011 2,500,000 -9% 2,000,000 Metric Tons CO 2 e 1,500,000 -5% 1,000,000 500,000 -12% -46% -21% 0 Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Steam Waste 2005 2011 C/I Sector Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Emission Factors are the Major Drivers C/I GHG Reductions 2005-2011 Solid waste -29% Fuel oil area -12% Natural gas consumption -5% Steam consumption -6% Steam emissions factor -40% +1.4% Electricity consumption -10% Electricity emissions factor -300,000 -250,000 -200,000 -150,000 -100,000 -50,000 0 50,000 Metric Tons of CO 2 e C/I Sector Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
Efficiency Programs are Helping Boston Meet Goals Emissions from C&I Electricity Use (Tons) 2,500,000 2,400,000 2,300,000 2,200,000 2,100,000 2,000,000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Original C&I Electricity Targets Actual C&I Use C&I Use Without EE Savings
And Accommodate Growth? C/I GHG Emissions 4,500,000 1 million metric tons = 3% reduction/year 4,000,000 Metric Tons CO 2 e 3,500,000 3,000,000 Goal (23%) 2,500,000 2,000,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 C/I Sector Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
C&I GHG Reduction Costs to 2020 Total cost ÷ by 300 = $838 million sq. $1.55 per ft. of real million sq. ft. over estate 9 years Utility Non- programs utility contribute costs = $373 $465 million million C/I Sector Emissions City of Boston, 2011Update
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Individual Enterprises Are Demonstrating the “Art of the Possible” Organization Targeted Factor Targeted Reduction Year Bank of America 30% GHG Emissions 2015 Harvard University 30% GHG Emissions 2016 Northeastern University 20% GHG Emissions 2015 MIT 15% Energy Use 2012 UMass-Boston 40% GHG Emissions 2020 Partners HealthCare 25% GHG Emissions 2014 & Energy Use Starwood Hotels 30% Energy Use 2020 Hyatt 25% Energy Use 2015 Our challenge will be getting adoption of similar goals across the entire C/I sector
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