Bo R. Larsen PM pollution in the Po Plain can be observed from space - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Reducing Air Pollution in the Lombardy Region: Sources for Fine Particles and Ozone Bo R. Larsen

PM pollution in the Po Plain can be observed from space ! Satellite photo, January 5 th 2000

• Why investigate sources for air pollution in Lombardy? • How did we estimate contributions from the most significant sources • What results did we obtain?

Publically available reports to the Lombardy region under the Contract for the Collaborative Research Project for Air Pollution Reduction in Lombardy, Italy (2006-2010). Work package 1: Identification of air pollution origin and s ource apportionment.’ April 2007: Ad hoc campaigns 2006 on VOC and PM 10 . B. R. Larsen, 147 pp; October 2007: Regional, long-term ambient air PM 10 sampling in ten cities of the Lombardy Region, (winter 2006-2007). B. R. Larsen, 51 pp; April. 2008: Intensive PM 10 and PM 2.5 campaigns in four cities of the Lombardy Region (winter 2007-2008) B. R. Larsen, 38 pp;; October. 2008: Source apportionment of PM 10 in ten cities of the Lombardy Region, winter (2006-2007) B. R. Larsen, 90 pp; April. 2009: Source apportionment of ozone precursor NMHCs. B. R. Larsen, 47 pp; October. 2009: Health implications of the particulate matter pollution in the Lombardy Region and potential benefits from abatement strategies. B. R. Larsen, 114 pp; April. 2010: Progress report on source apportionment based on the collected source profiles and the regional, long-term ambient air PM 2.5 / PM 10 sampling of winter (2008-2009) campaign. B. R. Larsen, 22 pp; October. 2010: Final report with general conclusions on source apportionment of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and ozone precursor NMHCs including the completion of the 2nd report on source apportionment based on the collected source profiles and the regional, long-term ambient air PM 2.5 / PM 10 sampling campaign of winter (2008-2009). B. R. Larsen, 87 pp;

Results published in the international scientific literature Sources for PM air pollution in the Po Plain, Italy: I. Critical comparison of methods for estimating biomass burning contributions to benzo(a)pyrene. C.A. Belis, J. Cancelinha, M. Duane, V. Forcina, V. Pedroni, R. Passarella, G. Tanet, K. Douglas, A. Piazzalunga, E. Bolzacchini, G. Sangiorgi, M.-G. Perrone, L. Ferrero, P. Fermo, B.R. Larsen Atmospheric Environment Volume 45 (2011), 7266-7275. Better constraints on sources of carbonaceous aerosols using a combined 14C – macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site. S. Gilardoni, E. Vignati, F. Cavalli, J.P. Putaud, B.R. Larsen, M. Karl, K. Stenstrom, J. Genberg, S. Henne, and F. Dentener. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, (2011) 2503-2547. Sources for PM air pollution in the Po Plain, Italy: II. Probabilistic uncertainty characterization and sensitivity analysis of secondary and primary sources. B. R. Larsen, S. Gilardoni, K. Stenström, J. Niedzialek, J. Jimenez, C. A. Belis. Atmospheric Environment 50 (2012) 203-213 Meta-analysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. C. A. Belis, F. Karagulian, B.R. Larsen & P. K. Hopke. Atmospheric Environment (2012 in print) Determination of Local Source Profile for Soil Dust, Brake Dust and Biomass Burning Sources Colombi C, Gianelle V, Belis C, Larsen B.R. Chemical Engeneering Transactions 22 (2010) 233-238. Chemical Characterization and Environmental Impact of Exhaust from Dual Fuel (Liquefied Petroleum Gas / Gasoline) Light Duty Vehicles . T. Adam, C. Astorga, M. Clairotte, M. Duane, M. Elsasser, A. Krasenbrink, B. R. Larsen, U. Manfredi, G. Martini, L. Montero, M. Sklorz, R. Zimmermann, A. Perujo. Atmospheric Environment. 45 (2011) 2842-2848. Hydrocarbon Emission Fingerprints from Contemporary Vehicle/Engine Technologies with Conventional and new Fuels . Larisse Montero, Matthew Duane, Urbano Manfredi, Covadonga Astorga, M. Carriero; Giorgio Martini, Alois Krasenbrink And Bo R. Larsen. Atmospheric Environment, Volume 44 (2010) 2167- 2175. Chemical characterization of emissions from modern two-stroke mopeds complying with legislative regulation in Europe (EURO-2). T. Adam, A. Farfaletti, L. Montero, G. Martini, U. Manfredi, B. R. Larsen, G. De Santi, A. Krasenbrink and C. Astorga. Environ. Sci. Techn. 44 (2010) 505-512.

JRC: V. Forcina, J. Cancelinha, J. Mønster, K. Douglas, Grazie ! M. Duane, V. Pedroni, R. Passarella, G. Tanet, J. Niedzialek, J. Jimenez, C. Belis ARPA Scientists: C. Colombi, V. Gianelle Milan Universities: E. Bolzacchini and staff, P. Fermo and staff

World Health Organization (2011) : • Air pollution increases the risk of respiratory and heart disease in the population. • Both short and long term exposure to air pollutants have been associated to health impacts. • More severe impacts affect people who are already ill. Children, the elderly and poor people are more susceptible

WHO (2011) : What are the critical air pollutants today ? • There are significant health risks from population exposure to particulate matter (PM) and Ozone in many cities of developed and developing countries alike. • Other pollutants can be significant at hotpots (NO 2 , CO, …..)

European Environment Agency: Across the EU, PM 10 pollution causes approximately 375000 premature deaths per year EEA Technical report No 1/2009

WHO (2011) : The EU, average life expectancy is 8.6 months lower due to exposure to PM 2.5 produced by human activities.

PM Limits set to protect public health Units: μg/m 3 PM10 EU WHO guide USA 
 annual mean 40 20 -- 24-h mean 50 50 150 
 35 times/y -- 1 time/y PM2.5 (target) 
 annual mean 25 10 15

The black spots on the PM10 map of Europe (2009) EEA Data

The black spots on the PM2.5 map of Europe (2008) EEA Data

State of the Lombardy air pollution 2011 ARPA Data

Why is it important to better understand sources for air pollution in Lombardy? • Air pollution is known to pose severe health problems • The Po Plain is one of Europe ’ s most polluted areas (PM, Ozone, NO X ) • Limits set to protect the population are significantly exceeded

How did we estimate contributions from the most significant sources?

Sampling of PM from sources and ambient air Chemical fingerprint analysis Metals, minerals, polyaromatics, OC/EC,…. Receptor modelling • Multvariate statistics (CMB, PMF, ME2, COPREM, UNMIX, PCA, … •Back trajectories, wind roses, …… 3 k t , j [ ] e n ij n i 30 2 2 n 1 n n m m e e ij ij Q Q 2 2 s s 20 i i 1 1 j j 1 1 ij ij ppbV PMF 10 CMB CMB PMF CMB PMF CMB PMF CMB PMF 0 GASOLINE GASOLINE DIESEL NATURAL GAS UNEXPLAINED EXHAUST EVAPORATIVE EXHAUST

Ten PM sampling sites in the Lombardy, Focus on winter PM10 in 2007 and PM2.5 in 2009 Sannazzaro More than1500 filters were collected and analyzed chemically during 2006-2010

State-of-the art PM samplers EU reference method

Bergamo V. Meucci PM10 in Regione Lombardia Brescia Villagio Sereno 250 during February 2007 Mantova S.Agnese Milano Parcho Giuriati Milano Viale Marche 200 Pavia Sannazzaro de' Burgondi Saronno V. Santuario Cantu V. Meucci PM10 (ug/m3) Sondrio V. Merizzi 150 Lodi Abbadia Cerreto 100 50 0 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 / / / / / / / / 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

JRC laboratory: Vehicle emissions

JRC laboratory: Home heating emissions

Field sampling by ARPA: Woodburning Hard wood Soft wood PELLET Colombi et al., PM2008, Bari, 06-08 Ottobre 2008

Field sampling by ARPA: Biomass burning Branches Leaves Colombi et al., PM2008, Bari, 06-08 Ottobre 2008

ARPA: road dust Colombi et al., PM2008, Bari, 06-08 Ottobre 2008

Multi species analysis of PM • Elementary carbon (EC/OC) and ionic species (SO4 --, NO3-, Cl-, Br-, NH4+) Thermogravemitry, LC • Mineral trace components (Al, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Mg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ti, P, Mn, Cr, Sr, Ni, V, ………) ICP-MS • Levoglucosan HPLC-MS • High MW PAH GC-MS

Analysis of PM filters : JRC, Uni of Milan & Biccoca