Bi Biol ology ogy and Con and Contro trol of L l of Leaf eaf- - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Bi Biol ology ogy and Con and Contro trol of L l of Leaf eaf- Suck Su cking ing, , St Stem em-Inf Infest esting ing, and , and Ro Root ot-Fe Feedi eding Inse ng Insect ct and and Mit Mites es Pes Pests ts of of P Pec ecan an

Scouting aphids will tell if and when to spray • For example, the aphid counts in 27 year-old ‘Desirable’ trees with conventional fungicide and fertilizer applications since planting indicated that – yellow aphids needed to be treated in 3 of the past 7 years and – black pecan aphids needed to be controlled in 5 of 7 years. • Otherwise, the natural enemies controlled the aphids without the need for an insecticide application.

2006-12 2006 12 Aph phid Po d Popu pulat ation ons – Tift ft Co. o. "y "yel ellow low ap aphi hids" ds" blac ack k pe pecan an ap aphi hid 180 180 160 160 140 140 Yel ellow ow ap aphi hid a d action on thr hres esho hold ld – 55 ap aphi hids ds pe per sh r shoo oot 120 120 oot r shoo Blac ack k ap aphi hid a d action on thr hres esho hold d – 5.5 .5 ap aphi hids ds pe per sh r shoo oot per sh 100 100 ds pe phids 80 80 Aph 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 20 2009 09 2 201 010 2011 2011 2012 2012

Mid-Summer Yellow Pecan Aphid Abundance in Insecticide-Treated and Nontreated Pecan Trees. 5 4 shoot 3 ds per sh 2 Aphids 1 0 3d 3d 7d 7d 14d 14d 21d 21d 28d 28d Non ontr treate eated Assai ail l 30 SG SG 8 oz oz/ac acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.0 .0oz oz/acre /acre Be Belea eaf f 2.4 .4 oz oz/ac acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.8 .8 oz oz/ac acre re

Mid-Summer Blackmargined Aphid Abundance in Insecticide-Treated and Nontreated Pecan Trees. 8 7 6 shoot 5 ds per sh 4 3 Aphids 2 1 0 3d 3d 7d 7d 14d 14d 21d 21d 28d 28d Che heck Assai ail l 30 SG SG 8 oz oz/ac acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.0 .0oz oz/acre /acre Be Belea eaf f 2.4 .4 oz oz/ac acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.8 .8 oz oz/ac acre re

Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz oz/ac ac 3 3 days ys pos ost-tr treatment eatment Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz oz/ac ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz oz/ac ac ye yellow ow pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz oz/ac ac bl blac ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz oz/ac ac bl blac ackmargined kmargined Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz oz/ac ac Sulfoxaflor Su foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz oz/ac ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz oz/ac ac Sulfoxaflor Su foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz oz/ac ac Be Beleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz oz/ac ac Ass ssai ail l 30SG SG 8 oz oz/ac ac che heck 0 2 4 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz oz/ac ac 7 7 days ys pos ost-tr treatment eatment Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz oz/ac ac Pyri Py rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz oz/ac ac yellow ye ow pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz oz/ac ac blac bl ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz oz/ac ac Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz oz/ac ac bl blac ackmargined kmargined Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz oz/ac ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz oz/ac ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz oz/ac ac Beleaf Be eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz oz/ac ac Ass ssai ail l 30SG SG 8 oz oz/ac ac che heck 0 2 4 6 8 10 10 12 12 # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz oz/ac ac 14 14 days ys pos ost-tr treatment eatment Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz oz/ac ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz oz/ac ac ye yellow ow pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz oz/ac ac bl blac ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz oz/ac ac Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz oz/ac ac blac bl ackmargined kmargined Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz oz/ac ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz oz/ac ac Sulfoxaflor Su foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz oz/ac ac Assa As sail il 30SG SG 8 oz oz/ac ac che heck 0 2 4 6 8 10 10 # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz oz/ac ac 21 21 days ys pos ost-tr treatment eatment Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz oz/ac ac Pyri Py rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz oz/ac ac yellow ye ow pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz oz/ac ac bl blac ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz oz/ac ac Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz oz/ac ac bl blac ackmargined kmargined Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz oz/ac ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz oz/ac ac Sulfoxaflor Su foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz oz/ac ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz oz/ac ac Beleaf Be eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz oz/ac ac Ass ssai ail l 30SG SG 8 oz oz/ac ac che heck 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

Pecan Leaf Scorch Mite

Western Predatory Mite • This mite is reared and sold by commercial insectaries for biological control. • Tests in pecan orchards indicate that it will control pecan leaf scorch mite.

WPM Release Leads to an Increase in Predator Abundance

Pecan Leaf Scorch Mite Control during Same Season in Pecan Trees After the Release of Phytoseiid Predators – Tift Co., 2012 290 290 ch Mites per 5 leaves 240 240 190 190 Gal alendr ndromus occide dental alis 140 140 Phytoseiulis pe persimilis Nont ntreat ated 90 90 # Scorch 40 40 -10 -10 20-A -Aug-1 -12 20-S -Sep-12 20-O -Oct ct-1 -12

Shake vs Blast Release Methods 10 10 9 8 r leaf per leaf 7 6 s pe 5 tes 4 Mite Mi 3 2 1 0 dicofol di cofol sh shake ake blast bl ast no none ne sc scorch orch mi mite tes s sc scorch orch mi mite te egg eggs pr preda edatory tory mi mite tes

Oligonychus mite

Abundance of predators and phytophagous mites in miticide treated pecan trees, Lowndesboro, AL, USA. 2012 Nex exter ter 8 oz oz form/ acre Port Po rtal al 32 oz oz t – amt. of fo ent tmen Oligonychus sp. and injury Acra ramite mite 4SC SC 12 oz oz Treatm Non ontr treated eated 0.0 .0 5.0 .0 10.0 .0 15.0 .0 20.0 .0 25.0 .0 30.0 .0 Number mber pe per le r leaf af Phyt Ph ytoseii oseiids ds Sy Syrp rphi hid d lar arva vae Pecan Pe an lea eaf sc scor orch h mite Ol Oligonychus gonychus sp sp.

Obscure Scale, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]

Natural control reduces the population levels

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Dormant oil spray suffocates the scales

2% Dormant Oil Spray La Lab b Resu esults ts 70 ple sampl 60 e sa 50 ale scal n 500 sc 40 30 es in Immature Female Scale ales 20 scal 10 ve sc # live 0 Males Females Total Nontreated 2% Oil Immature Male Scale

Systemic insecticides control settled scales in the summer No Nontre ntreat ated ed Tre reat ated ed

base of

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Larvae leave the roots and form a cell in the soil where they metamorphose to the pupa and adult stages Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Prionus larva in pecan root Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Injury to Healthy Root Source of photo: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Are the trees infested? Look for symptoms of an infestation Crown gall infestations