Page 1 of 18 BBN-ANG-243 Advanced Phonology: Phonological Analysis Variation, Accents Kiss Zoltán / Szigetvári Péter / Törkenczy Miklós Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University (1) Topics discussed in this lecture Variation — How do accents differ? — some regional accents —
Page 2 of 18 (2) Variability: categorical and non-categorical patterns variation: different behaviour while some relevant conditions are identical only varieties exists ‘correctness’: no differences in value between variants range of variation: any level of language may be involved (3) Types of variation (3.1) Free (unconditioned) variation vs. conditioned variation
Page 3 of 18 (3.1.1) Types of conditioned variation (conditioning factors) (i) Time: synchronic vs. diachronic jubilee 1935 Z!cYt9a?kh9\ 1977 Z$cYt9a?!kh9\ (ii) Space: regional accents rhoticity (the distribution of .q. ) (iii) Social status: sociolects rhoticity in New York City .q. (William Labov 1966) variation across dept. stores: 'fourth floor' more prestigious/expensive > more rhotic (iv) Others: style, gender, age, subject matter, medium, etc.
Page 4 of 18 (3.2) Intra-speaker variation (within the individual) vs. inter-speaker variation (within the community) (3.3) Separation/interplay of factors (i) free/conditioned & intra-speaker/inter-speaker free conditioned intra-speaker ugornak % ugranak pisi % pisa inter-speaker Z$h9j?!mPlHj\ % Z$dj?!mPlHj\ Zj@9\ . Zj@9q\ (ii) social & regional
Page 5 of 18 (iii) social and gender (Labov's principles) In a stable sociolinguistic stratification, men use a higher frequency of nonstandard forms than women. In a change from a stable sociolinguistic stratification, women favour the incoming prestige forms more than men. (4) Variation in phonetics/phonology: accents. In what ways do accents differ? (i) Inventory of phonemes may be different (ii) realizational difference: allophones may be different (iii) lexical distribution of phonemes may be different (iv) phonotactics may be different (v) morphophonological pattern (alternations) may be different
Page 6 of 18 (5) Overview of some regional ( & some social) variation in English (5.1) Rhoticity: rhotic and non-rhotic accents _(#)V _ 5 _ (#)C carry car is car card car that non-rhotic ! ! most of England, Australia, New Zealand, some US , q rhotic q q q most of US, Canada, Scotland, Ireland, some Engl. non-rhotic accents: q can only occur before a V (post-lexical regularity) rhotic accents: q can occur before V, C or 5 intermediate systems ("semi rhotic"): some version of the non-rhotic pattern ↔ réd, trúst, aróund cár /r /y, vér /y r V stressed vs. r / V unstressed Upper South of US ↔ bútter / , pépper / fár /e, stár / V unstr r / $ vs. V str r / $ North Yorkshire ↔ bar, better par /t, bear /d r 5 vs. r / C Jamaica
Page 7 of 18 (i) within the US PEAS The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States (1961) blue lines (isoglosses) encircle rhotic areas ANAE Atlas of North American English (2006) bullets and stars: colours indicate frequency ! = non-rhotic
Page 8 of 18 (ii) in the UK (Scotland, Ireland, northwest ofWales = rhotic)
Page 9 of 18 (6) Regional variation in the British Isles (main vowel features) (6.1) STRUT ZU\ and ZT\ North of England & Midlands put ZoTs\ = putt ZoTs\ (one, none ZP\ ) South & South Midlands put ZoTs\ … putt ZoUs\
Page 10 of 18 (6.2) BATH ( ^ e+ S+ r ^ m C ): Z`\ and Z@9\ lex. set exx RP/South-east B North & Midlands A Scottish, N-Irish, South-west C TRAP pat, bat, trap Z`\ Z`\ BATH (a) dance, grant, demand BATH (b) path, laugh, grass Z`\ Z@9\ BATH (c) half, banana, can’t PALM Z@9\ START part, bar, start
Page 11 of 18 (6.3) FACE, GOAT: Long mid diphthonging south-east, central south diphthongal: ZdH+ DH\ elsewhere: SW England, far north of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland monophthongal: Zd9\
Page 12 of 18 (6.4) HAPPY North Z!rHsH\ South Z!rHsh9\+ Z!rHsHi\ HAPPY = FLEECE
Page 13 of 18 FLEECE FACE PRICE CHOICE (6.5) London Diphthong Shift MOUTH GOAT GOOSE
Page 14 of 18 (6.6) London: GOAT ZPT . ?T\ ZPT . `T\ Popular London Cockney _# go, toe, slow Z?T\ Z`T\ _ C … .k. boat, road, most, bone Z?T\ Z`T\ _ k V POLAR, molar, Roland, cola Z?T\ Z`T\ _ .k. (#)C bold, shoulder, roll that ZPT\ ZPT\ _ .k. # roll, goal, bowl ZPT\ ZPT\ _/ k. #V ROLLER, rolling, goalie ZPT\ ZPT\ _ .k. ##V roll about, hole in, pole axe, goal area ZPT\ ZPT\
Page 15 of 18 (7) Something about regional variation in the US (7.1) GenAm Lexical set Gen/Trad BrE/CuBE: 4 groups AmE/GenAm: 3 groups FORCE / NORTH N9 n9 N N9 n9 @ THOUGHT P N @ LOT @9 @9 @ PALM @9 @9 @ START @9 @9 z BATH z ` z TRAP FORCE / NORTH before, boar, floor, sword, court, glory, memorial, ... / war, fork, fortune, order, warm, quart, ... taught, daughter, bought, crawl, hawk, jaw, talk, walk, author, all, water, false, ... THOUGHT stop, Tom, honest, swan, knowledge, ... LOT calm, balm, father, bra, ... PALM part, bar, start, ... START dance, grant, path, laugh, grass, half, banana, can't, ... BATH pat, bat, trap, man, hand, cancel, arrow, ... TRAP
Page 16 of 18 (7.2) MARRY=MERRY=MARY ZD\
Page 17 of 18 (7.3) New England English: BATH (GenAm Zz\( conservative Boston Z@\ lexicalised Harvard, half, rather, aunt lexicalised/variable last, dance
Page 18 of 18 (7.4) Southern American English (i) Southern Shift PRIZE/PRICE monophthongisation `H = @9 `9 FACE lowering dH = Dh GOOSE fronting t9 = | PRIZE/PRICE
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