Basic Principles of Air Cargo Tr anspo r t Presented by Fanny - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Basic Principles of Air Cargo Tr anspo r t Presented by Fanny SARUCHERA Learning Objectives: The applicant should be proficient with the basic regulations for air transport. He should be able to explain the ground handling and the documentation procedures of air cargo transport. AIR TRANSPORT PRINCIPLES NUST ITE PRESENTATION Presented by Fanny Page 1

Air transport SPECIFIC FEATURES OF AIR Transport r egul a r i ty traffic military a r ea aviation regional participants serv i ce s civil I nterregional aviation services continental t ra n sp o rt s ervices ob j e cts services publicly commercial accessible a i r transport aviation ec ono mic Ca p tion : accessibili t y targe t s non - private commercial aviation specific a i r transport feature 11 G r aph i c : Sch c i k ; modifie d , based on: Pomp! , Luftverkehr , Berlin 1989 , S . 20

Air freight markets & main economic regions Air traffic flow on between 500 largest airports worldwide

Air freight markets & main economic regions ‐ 2 National level: * mainly in large countries with long domestic road / rail distances (replacing or complementing them) * also very important: intraregional markets and connections (e. g. within SADC, EU etc) AIR TRANSPORT PRINCIPLES NUST ITE PRESENTATION Presented by Fanny Page 5

Air freight markets & main economic regions ‐ 3 International level I: * intra ‐ continental trade with valuable and/or urgent cargo (e.g. urgent spare parts, medical supplies etc.) * intra ‐ continental supply chains e. g. USA – East Coast to West Coast & vice versa * coverage of trans ‐ continental distances e. g. Africa – N to S / E to W & vice versa) AIR TRANSPORT PRINCIPLES NUST ITE PRESENTATION Presented by Fanny Page 6

Major intercontinental routes e. g. * North Atlantic route (USA  [Western] Europe) * Asian/Pacific destinations  USA * Asian/Pacific destinations  Europe) * Europe  Latin America * Europe  Africa * Europe  Middle East AIR TRANSPORT PRINCIPLES NUST ITE PRESENTATION Presented by Fanny Page 7

Advantages of air cargo transport http:// www.mz‐ web.de/image/view/2014/5/25/27609488,27667295,highRes,3jbs1901.jpg * fastest means of transport available on long distances * smallest damage quote of all means of transport (relative to distance covered) * modest packaging requirements * short transport times mean short capital lockup periods

Disadvantages of air cargo transport * high transport costs (in absolute figures) * load capacity is limited * stowage problems due to egg ‐li ke cross ‐section of aircraft * Dependency on airports http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com “The egg” AIR TRANSPORT PRINCIPLES NUST ITE PRESENTATION Presented by Fanny Page 10

Analysis of consignment structure Generally, Air cargo typically is:- * (relatively) small * lightweight * urgent * valuable However, “modern” air planes can carry cargo of (almost) any size & weight; the limit is the aircraft itself AIR TRANSPORT PRINCIPLES NUST ITE PRESENTATION Presented by Fanny Page 11

AIRCRAFTS: types and specifications

Types of aircraft ‐ cargo only ‐ p ax (with belly cargo in compartment 5) ‐ mi xed versions (combi, convertibles) - Piggyback cargo Antono v_An‐ 225_with_Buran_at_Le_Bourget_1989_Man teufel.jpg Aircraft Range * short haul * medium range – intra ‐ continental distances * long haul / extended range – int er‐ continental

Loading capacity The loading capacity depends on: ‐ m aximum tak e‐o ff weight ‐ m aximum landing weight ‐ m aximum zero fuel weight ‐ basic weight of aircraft ‐ fuel ‐ no. of pax ‐ weight of cargo (and mail) ‐ safety margin ** Load & trim sheet

Specification of cargo holds ‐ typi cal structure ‐ dimensions of cargo hold ‐ dimensions of cargo doors ‐ weight per square yard/meter // per longitudinal yard / meter Video: Jumbo 747‐8 http://www.airbus.com/uploads/pics/a330200Fcutaway.jpg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrHOwZQ300k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JeDrrOL5gk

Comparisons of cargo aircraft (commercial only) Aircraft Cargo Volume Cargo Mass Cruise Speed Maximum Range Aircraft Category 70,000 kg 871 km/h 7,400 km Airbus 330‐200F 475 m3 Commercial (154,324 lbs) (537 mph) (4,000 nm, 4,600 mi) 150,000 kg 800 km/h 5,400 km Antonov 124 ‐ Commercial* (330,000 lbs) (430 kn, 490 mph) (2,900 nm, 3,360 mi) 107.6 m 3 18,200 kg 931 km/h Boeing 737‐700C 5,330 km (2,880 nmi) Commercial (3,800 cu ft) (40,000 lbs) (503 kn, 578 mph) Boeing 757‐200 239 m 3 39,780 kg 955 km/h 5,834 km (3,150 nmi) Commercial Freighter (8,430 cu ft) (87,700 lbs) (516 kn, 593 mph) 854.5 m 3 134,200 kg 908 km/h Boeing 747‐8F 8,288 km (4,475 nmi) Commercial (30,177 cu ft) (295,800 lbs) (490 kn, 564 mph) 438.2 m 3 Boeing 767‐300 52,700 kg 850 km/h 6,025 km (3,225 nmi) Commercial Freighter (15,469 cu ft) (116,200 lbs) (461 kn, 530 mph) Boeing 777 Freighter 653 m 3 103,000 kg 896 km/h 9,070 km (4,900 nmi) Commercial (23,051 cu ft) (230,000 lbs) (484 kn, 557 mph) McDonnell Douglas 440 m 3 91,670 kg 945 km/h 7,320 km Commercial MD‐11 (15,530 cu ft) (202,100 lbs) ( 520 kn, 587 mph (3,950 nmi; 4,548 mi)

Load devices in air cargo transport payload factor = ratio between: - empty weight of aircraft and - payload (pax, cargo, mail) “ Unit Load Devices “ ( ULD ) * air cargo pallets * air cargo containers ‐ usually made of light alloy / aluminum ‐ thin, but stable ‐ reducing tare weight ‐ not easy to handle by forklift (**solution: roller beds)

Cargo handling at airport (examples) lower deck loader www.airportsystems.info/uploads/pics/lower_deck_loader_fmc_gross_1.jpg cargo & baggage tractor Video: Ground handling at Frankfurt Airport https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5CPtSQkgpI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2wu1Qm41ic main deck loader www.tntliege.com/files/images/Press%252520release/F3000.JPG

Cargo handling at airport (examples, continued) container dolly http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Container_dolly.JPG main deck loader (http://www.airportsystems.info/mai n‐de ck ‐l oaders/ windhof f‐ cml ‐ 7 ‐ 56.html) container dolly

Cargo handling at airport (examples, continued) belt loader http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belt loader.JPG ground handling at FRA http://www.fraport.com/content/medialib/...

The full monty of ground handling http://www.fraport.com/content/medialib/fraport/fraport-ag/bilddatenbank0/ground_handling_cargo/ lufthansa_cargo_md-11cdg-17/_jcr_content/renditions/mv22450.download_attachment.file/file.jpg

AIR TRANSPORT GOVERNING BODIES IATA – International Air Transport Association ‐ 1 * is an association of airlines performing * international scheduled (liner) services → full members, full voting rights * airlines only nationally operating → associated members, limited rights

IATA – Organs * General Assembly * Executive Committee * IATA ‐Sec retariat (located in Montreal and Geneva) IATA – Main targets * c o‐ope ration between airlines and exchange of information * c o‐ope ration with international organizations (e.g. ICAO) * standardization of rates and conditions etc.for pax and cargo transport * setting rules for IATA agency * Simplification of reciprocal accounts

The role of the air cargo forwarder IATA ‐Ca rg o‐A gent * represents the air cargo carrier(s), mediates transports * also represents his client / shipper / consignor * but: it is not mandatory to be an IATA agent in order to handle air cargo * accreditation by IATA Duties of IATA Cargo Agent: * deliver consignments “ ready for carriage “ * obey the IATA rules * clearance / settlement of all freight charges claimed on behalf of airlines in time * violation of rules can lead to denial of agency

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - ICAO (1944 Chicago Convention) - is a United Nations subdivision - Members are UN member states * that participate * or want to participate in international air traffic. ICAO Freedoms of the Air (see Appendix 1)

Main goals of ICAO: * Safety: Enhance global civil aviation safety * Security: Enhance global civil aviation security * Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of Air Transport: Foster harmonized and economically viable development of international civil aviation that does not unduly harm the environment * The role of air traffic controllers - video

An air cargo forwarder ‘ s practical work Carrying out direct cargo consignments – 1 Direct cargo – * one consignment (with one or more items, by all means) * from one shipper * to one consignee * with one air waybill * without reloading (transshipment possible)

An air cargo forwarder ‘ s practical work Carrying out direct cargo consignments – 2 Forwarder ’ s duties: order * usually by phone, mail, fax, sometimes by handing over consignment to our driver * results in conclusion of contract (depending on relevant national law regulations!)

An air cargo forwarder ‘ s practical work Carrying out direct cargo consignments – 3 Forwarder ’ s duties: order (cont ’ d) * necessary information to be contained in order: ‐ name of customer & consignee ‐ kind of cargo (and special handling information) ‐ no. of pieces & (gross) weight ‐ requested day and of pickup ‐ ac companying documents ‐ a ny requested tasks to be done by forwarder (in lieu of shipper)