Banana Root Borer Stink Bugs (Gandhi) and leaf-footed bugs Management | Insecticides • Beetle Karatax (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) • MoA: 3A • Foliar; broad spectrum can target beneficial insects as well • Attacks all species of AzaDirect (Azadirachtin) banana • MoA: UN • Only active against immatures/eggs • Some translaminar activity Advance 10EC (Pyriproxyfen) • MoA: 7C • Only active against immatures/eggs Sevin (Carbaryl)* • MoA: 1A • Organophosphate; older chemistry, not good for beneficial insects Illustration by FDACS - Division of Plant Industry. 81 82 Banana Root Borer Whiteflies Life cycle Complete life cycle: 30 - 40 days Q-type Bemisia tabaci • Higher resistance to pyriproxyfen and imidacloprid than B-type B-type Bemisia argentifolii • More common • Less pesticide resistance Illustration by Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. 83 84
Whiteflies I Pupa II Eggs III Adult IV 85 86 Whiteflies Whiteflies Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Can vector plant viruses Severe yield loss Varun & Saxina (2007) 87 88
Whiteflies Whiteflies Cassava Mosaic Disease Monitoring 12 - 82% loss in yields 89 90 Whiteflies Whiteflies Monitoring Management | Biological 91 92
Whiteflies Whiteflies Management | Biological Management | Pesticide Azadirect (Azadirachtin) • MoA: UN • Some translaminar; Insect Growth Regulator Advance 10EC (Pyriproxfen) • MoA: 7C • Insect Growth Regulator Abamectin 18C (Abamectin) • MoA: 6 Pronto (Imidacloprid) • MoA: 4A • Systemic activity 93 94 Nematodes Root-knot nematodes 21 - 28 days • Infect plant roots • Prevent uptake of water and nutrients • Plant wilting, reduced yields, and ultimately plant mortality Jonathan D. Eisenback, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org 95 96
Nematodes Nematodes 97 98 Root-knot nematodes Root-knot nematodes Management | Solarization 99 100
Root-knot nematodes Root-knot nematodes Management | Solarization Management | Solarization 101 102 Root-knot nematodes Root-knot nematodes Management | Solarization Management | Solarization • Leave for 4 weeks • Clear plastic • Bury the sides • Less e ff ective in sandy soils • Need to form steam daily • Soil temp: 130F (55ºC) for 5 minutes to kill nematodes • Kills weeds & nematodes top 12 inches of soil 103 104
Root-knot nematodes Root-knot nematodes Management | Solarization Management | Solarization 105 106 Root-knot nematodes Root-knot nematodes Management | Marigolds Management | Weed Management • Source of nematode • French marigolds, i.e. reproduction • Remove nearby weeds varieties include Nemagold, • Do not introduce soil from Petite Blanc, Queen Sophia, nearby soils/weed areas into and Tangerine • Avoid: signet marigolds, T. garden • Pay special attention to weeds signata or tenuifolia • Avoid ‘intercropping’; not as ‘upstream’ e ff ective for nematode suppression 107 108
Leaf Miner eg. Liriomyza trifolii Central Science Laboratory, On shallot Harpenden , British Crown, Bugwood.org 109 110 Leaf Miner Leaf Miner Monitor | Yellow sticky cards Monitor | Yellow bowl with soapy water 111 112
Leaf Miner Leaf Miner Management | Biological Control Management | Biological Control Trap crop • Parasitic wasps Cucumber around the border or within crop - showed higher • Broad spectrum insecticides attractiveness in some studies Cucumber Shallot Cucumber 113 114 Leaf Miner Leaf Miner Management | Mechanical Management | Insecticides Remove infested plant matter; Acetamiprid - Caprid 20 SL • MoA: 4A bury deep or place in plastic • Systemic; several weeks of control bag & solarize Azadirachtin - AzaDirect • MoA: UN • Translaminar Cyromazine - LeafGuard • MoA: 17 • Translaminar Lambda-Cyhalothrin - Karatax • MoA: 3A Abamectin - Abamectin 18C • MoA: 6 115 116
Leaf Miner Thrips Management | Market Threshold Thysanoptera “Thysanos” = fringe “ptera" = wings 117 118 Thrips Thrips egg (in plant tissue) 1st instar (2.5 - 4 days) (1-2 days) Adult 2nd instar (30-45 days) (2-4 days) (150 - 300 eggs) Foliage Soil/Leaf litter Prepupa (1-2 days) Pupa (1-3 days) UGA1327079 119 120
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