automated learning with a probabilistic programming
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Automated learning with a probabilistic programming language: Birch - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Lawrence Murray Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University Outline Automated learning with a probabilistic programming language: Birch 1. The Birch probabilistic programming language. 2. The delayed sampling heuristic. 3. A


  1. Code Checkpoint observe y[t] Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  2. Code Checkpoint assume x[t] Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  3. Code Checkpoint observe y[t] Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  4. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 2 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  5. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 2 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] 2 y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  6. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  7. Checkpoint assume x[t] Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  8. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  9. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 3 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  10. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 3 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] 3 y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  11. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 4 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  12. Checkpoint assume x[t] Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 4 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  13. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 4 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  14. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 4 4 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  15. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2 x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 4 4 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] 4 y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  16. observe y[t] Checkpoint Code Example #2: Kalman Filter x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 4 5 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  17. value x[1] Checkpoint Code Example #2: Kalman Filter x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 3 5 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  18. value x[1] Checkpoint Code Example #2: Kalman Filter x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 2 5 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  19. Code Checkpoint value x[1] Example #2: Kalman Filter x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 1 5 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  20. Code Checkpoint value x[1] Example #2: Kalman Filter x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); 5 x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  21. Code Checkpoint value x[1] Example #2: Kalman Filter x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  22. Checkpoint Code Example #2: Kalman Filter x[1] ~ Gaussian(0.0, 1.0); y[1] ~ Gaussian(x[1], 1.0); for (t in 2..T) { x[t] ~ Gaussian(a*x[t - 1], 1.0); y[t] ~ Gaussian(x[t], 1.0); } stdout.print(x[1]); x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4] x[5] y[1] y[2] y[3] y[4] y[5] Lawrence Murray 5 / 24

  23. Example #3 Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  24. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  25. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  26. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  27. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  28. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  29. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  30. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  31. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  32. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  33. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  34. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  35. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  36. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  37. Example #3 1 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  38. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  39. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  40. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  41. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  42. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  43. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  44. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 1 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] 1 y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  45. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  46. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  47. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  48. Example #3 2 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  49. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  50. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  51. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  52. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  53. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  54. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  55. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 2 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] 2 y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  56. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  57. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  58. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  59. Example #3 3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  60. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  61. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  62. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  63. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

  64. Example #3 x_n[1] x_n[2] x_n[3] x_n[4] x_n[5] 1 2 3 x_l[1] x_l[2] x_l[3] x_l[4] x_l[5] y_l[1] y_l[2] y_l[3] y_l[4] y_l[5] y_n[1] y_n[2] y_n[3] y_n[4] y_n[5] Lawrence Murray 6 / 24

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