Atomic PNC, a personal view in 2014 Luis A. Orozco Fundamental - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Atomic PNC, a personal view in 2014 Luis A. Orozco Fundamental Symmetry Tests with Rare Isotopes Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions University of Massachusetts Amherst October, 2014

Thanks to: John Behr (TRIUMF) Dima Budker (Berkeley, Mainz) Roberto Calabrese (Ferrara) Sidney Cahn (Yale) David DeMille (Yale) Andrei Derevianko (Reno) Victor Flambaum (New South Wales) Gerald Gwinner (Manitoba) Klaus Jungmann (KVI) Shelley Page (Manitoba) Mariana Safranova (Delaware) Fr work supported by: NRC, TRIUMF, and NSERC from Canada, DOE, and NSF from the USA, and CONACYT from Mexico.

H PV = G F ( κ 1 i γ 5 − κ nsd , i σ n ⋅ α ) δ ( r ) 2 NSD NSI H PV H PV Nuclear spin dependent Nuclear spin independent interaction: Interaction: • Only from valence nucleons. • Coherent over all • Measurement increases as Z 8/3 nucleons. • Main contribution from anapole • Measurement increases moment for heavy nuclei. as Z 3

Gwinner

Safranova

Gwinner

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Constraints on couplings PDG 2013 Page

Safranova

Dzuba et al, PRL, 109, 203003 (2012) Safranova/Flambaum

Weak charge of 133 Cs 1.5 σ agreement with the Standard Model Experiment: Wood et al . (1997); Bennett and Wieman (1999) (Boulder group) Theory: V. A. Dzuba, J. C. Berengut, V.V. Flambaum, and B. Roberts, (2012) 11 Derevianko

Implications: extra Z bosons (Z’) Specific example: Z’ χ in SO(10) GUT result implies: LHC discovery reach: 5 TeV full luminosity Also implications for Dark Z (Marciano) Derevianko/Flambaum

The Anapole Moment History 1958 Zel’dovich, Vaks 1980 Khriplovich, Flambaum 1984 Khriplovich, Flambaum, Shuskov 1995 Fortson (Seattle) bound from an experiment Thallium 1997 Wieman (Boulder) 15% measurement from an experiment Cesium

isoscalar isovector Does weak N-N interaction change in heavy nuclei? Behr

210 Fr 209 Fr Constraints of couplings (10 7 ) from future measurements of two francium isotopes (even and odd isotopes) based on the calculations of Flambaum and Murray.

Gwinner

Yb PV Amplitude Results (Berkeley) ζ / β =39(4) stat. (5) syst. mV/cm ⇒ | ζ |=(8.7±1.4) × 10 -10 ea 0 Accuracy is affected by HV-amplifier noise, fluctuations of stray fields, and laser drifts → improved for the next phase Budker

Parity Nonconservation in Dy • Theory (1994): • H w = 70 ± 40 Hz • V. A. Dzuba et al. Phys. Rev. A 50 , 3812 (1994) • Experiment (1997): • |H w | = | 2.3 ± 2.9 (statistical) ± 0.7 (systematic) | • A. T. Nguyen et. al . Phys. Rev. A 56 , 3453 (1997) • Improved theory (2010): • H w ≈ 2 Hz • V. Dzuba and V. Flambaum (http://arxiv.org/abs/1001.1184) 18 Budker

Single ion work in Ra + at KVI following a proposal by Fortson Jungmann

Jungmann

Atomic Parity Non-Conservation in a single Barium Ion Blinov and Fortson (U. Washington).

Anapole-induced 0 → 1 → 1 transitions • Modified Stark- interference technique • Exploits 2-photon selection rules – J = 0 → J = 1 forbidden to all multipole orders – Suppresses SI PV-induced E 1 E 1 transitions – Suppresses PC transitions: E 1 M 1, E 1 E 2, etc. • Direct measurement of SD PV effects Budker

Using molecules to get at NSD-PNC • Diatomic molecules systematically have close rotation+hyperfine levels of opposite parity--B-field tuning can give Δ E ~ 10 -11 eV! [Sushkov, Flambaum, Sov. Phys. JETP 48, 608 (1978), Flambaum, Khriplovich, Phys. Lett. A 110, 121 (1985) Kozlov, Labzowsky, & Mitruschenkov, JETP 73 , 415 (1991)] ] Cahn

Strategy to detect PNC in near-degenerate levels A B H = ( |B> Δ ) 0 iH W + dE A |A> − iH W + dE B ( + 2 " % " % 2 = 4sin 2 Δ T ' (1 or 2) H W dE 0 + dE 0 A ψ ( T ) * - $ $ ' 2 # & # & Δ ω ω * - ) , Weak Term Odd in E Stark Term D. DeMille, S.B. Cahn, D. Murphree, D.A. Rahmlow, and M.G. Kozlov Even in E Using molecules to measure nuclear spin-dependent parity violation Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 023003 (2008) Cahn

FrPNC • Commissioned in 2012 the trapping apparatus at TRIUMF. NEXT (December 2014 run): Commission Science chamber: transfer Fr from capture chamber to science chamber. Measure ground state HF splitting directly with microwaves and observe Stark mixing. TO DO list: • Measurement of PNC in the hyperfine transition (spin dependent) of the ground state and extract anapole moments of a chain of Fr isotopes . • Measure of Optical PNC (spin independent) and extract the weak charge.

Spectroscopy studies of francium Ideal cold sample of trapped atoms (no Doppler broadening) Energy levels Excited state lifetimes (transition matrix elements) Hyperfine splittings (wavefunctions at the nucleus) Quantitative comparisons to ab initio calculations. Nuclear structure studies (magnetization).

8s lifetime comparison with theory a) Safronova et.al. b) Dzuba et.al. c) Johnson et.al. d) Dzuba et.al. e) Marinescu et.al. f) Theodosiou et.al. g) Biemont et.al. h) Van Wijngaarden et.al.

HF Anomaly preliminary results Dashed: Magnetic Radius equal to Charge Radius Green: Nuclear Structure Theory Blue and Red: Measurements

Method 1.- Define handedness of the apparatus by the coordinate system ( iE RF × B M 1 ⋅ B DC ) 2.- Create superposition to interfere and enhance PNC signal: PC ± A E 1 PNC A total = A M 1 3.- Measure rate of transition through resonance fluorescence. 2 Rate ∝ A total 4.- Change handedness of apparatus 2 − A total 2 + − 5.- Repeat. Signal ∝ A total Expected signal with 450 V/m A E 1 � = 0.01 rad / s

Oscillations and sensitivity test M1 Rabi oscillations (50 Hz) with 10 5 Rb atoms in blue detuned (20 nm) dipole trap. Decoherence time 180 ms. While sitting at 37.5 ms, add a second microwave source with 10 4 attenuation, change of the phase and see the signal increase and decrease.

Signal Noise = 2 Ω E 1 Δ t N = 2 Number of atoms = N ~ 10 6 Ω E1 ~ 10 mrad Interaction time = Δτ ~ 0.1s

Schematic of the capture assembly

Fr beam onto Y foil

Commissioning of Capture: Sep., Dec. 2012 • Trapped atoms: > 2.5 × 10 6 ) • Efficiency ~ 0.5% • Trap lifetimes ~ 20s • Isotopes trapped 206, 207, 209, 213, 221. • Radioactive lifetime ( τ 1/2 = 50.5 s for 209 Fr)

Preparation of Science Chamber, commissioning in Dec 2014 Science Chamber Fr from capture chamber microwaves/ 506nm light

Precision tests of the weak interaction in atoms, they measure the weak charge and nucleon nucleon weak couplings. Experiments with trapped and cooled species starting (Fr, Ra + ) and proceeding (Yb, Dy, molecules). Many isotopes (Flambaum idea). Fr will benefit from the 10 8 demonstrated at TRIUMF with our10 8 , FRIB is looking very interesting.

THANKS!