Assessing the risks associated with the dispersion of novel - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 Assessing the risks associated with the dispersion of novel genes/alleles into the environment Nathalie Isabel et al. NASEM, Washington DC 5 April 2018

2 Outline 1. Background 2. Research framework 3. Studied System: Main Results Poplars Larches 4. Conclusions

Background 3 Background Federal Regulatory Framework Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Canada The Canadian Environmental Protection Act The Seeds Act, etc. «… safety concerns are posed primarily by the presence of a novel trait or substance in a product, rather than how novelty was introduced … » reviewed by Bonfils TGG 2005  These novel traits can be introduced: biotechnology, mutagenesis, conventional breeding techniques, and gene editing technology.

Background 4 Plant with Novel Trait (PNT) http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plants-with-novel-traits/eng/1300137887237/1300137939635 “Plant that contains a trait which is both new to the Canadian environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant with respect to the environment and human health. “

Background 5 Poplars as the first candidate 2006 GM poplars Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997 Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan

Background 6 Plant with Novel Trait (PNT) http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plants-with-novel-traits/eng/1300137887237/1300137939635 “Plant that contains a trait which is both new to the Canadian environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant with respect to the environment and human health. “ The CFIA’s environmental safety assessment takes into account: • the potential of the plant to become a weed • the potential of a plant to create a weed by cross-pollinating with another plant • the potential impact on biodiversity  Not allowed to reproduce

Background 7 Poplar with exotic component as a proxy for PNT 2006 GM poplars Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997 Poplars with exotic components Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan

Background 8 Poplar with exotic component as a proxy for PNT 2006 GM poplars Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997 Poplars with exotic components Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan

Research Framework 9 Risk assessment for PNTs Steps of the introgression process progress towards the hazards Elements of exposure and Exposure: The probability that a defined hazard will occur Hazards: Potential of an agent or situation to cause and adverse effect

Research Framework 10 Risk assessment for PNTs Steps of the introgression process Contact Zones Old Natural forests Contemporary Plantations vs Natural forests

Studied systems 11 Poplars P. balsamifera P. deltoides P. trichocarpa P. angustifolia P. fremontii

Studied systems 12 Hybrid poplars (poplars with exotic component)

Studied systems 13 Hybrid poplars (some examples) Native hybrid Hybrid with exotic component P. balsamifera P. deltoides B x D (LN) x D L x N

Studied systems 14 Tools and methods SNP Simulations P. balsamifera P. deltoides Gros-Louis et al. 2005 TGG Meirmans et al . (2007) Can J Bot Talbot et al . (2011) Can J For Res Isabel et al . (2013) TGG Floate et al . (2015) New Phytol

Step Studied species Region 15 Studied zones (poplars) P. balsamifera Central Canada P. deltoides Eastern Canada P. trichocarpa P. angustifolia P. fremontii

16 Risk assessment for PNTs Hybridization Do exotic poplars cross with native species in natural settings? Agroforestry lansdcape vs natural forest

Eastern Canada Hybridization 17 Eastern Canada • 67 mother-trees Agroforestry • ~ 5000 seed analysed • > 100 male clones Hybrids & Exotics P. deltoides Forest P. balsamifera Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot 500 m

Hybridization Eastern Canada 18 Effect of landscape and recipient native species More than 1000 male clonal varieties P. deltoides Agroforestry 2% P. balsamifera 72% Fragmented habitat Hybrids & exotics Recipient (15-30-yr-old) Distance: 17-531 m P. deltoides P. balsamifera Forest Natural forest Recipient (50-yr-old) Distance: 18-282 m P. balsamifera 20% Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot

Central Canada Hybridization 19 Central Canada • 23 mother-trees (all P. balsamifera ) • ~ 2000 seed analysed • 1 putative male parent ( LND ) Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag

Hybridization Central Canada 20 Effect of landscape and recipient genotypes Fragmented habitat Recipient (20-50-yr-old) Multiclonal Distance: 20m - 1.5km Blakley 2.4% Watson 0.1% Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag

Central Canada Hybridization 21 Exotic poplars in central Canada Over 34 million trees distributed (1909-2006) Northwest Density of pollen and seed production 21 P. deltoides Russian Walker Assiniboine Others The Shelterbelt Centre (Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada) Talbot et al. 2011 Can J For Res Russian (LN) poplars (100-yr-old)

Backcrossing to recipient 22 Risk assessment for PNTs Backcrossing to recipient species  Do hybrids establish themselves in nature? Do they reproduce? Under which conditions?

Backcrossing to recipient Central Canada 23 Central Canada • 108 trees sampled, ~280 km 2 Density of pollen and seed production 23 ( S. DiFazio 2004) • 4.6% (5/108), female parent: donor Ronald & Steele 1974 Can J Bot Fragmented habitat Recipient (30-50-yr-old) Distance: up to 1 km Saskatchewan Manitoba

Eastern Canada Backcrossing to recipient 24

Eastern Canada Backcrossing to recipient 25 Impact of disturbances Natural to disturbed habitats Recipient (50-yr-old) Distance: 18-282 m 15 pops Chicoutimi 635 samples 2.4% Québec P. deltoides P. balsamifera P. nigra hybrides Sherbrooke Thompson et al. 2010 Mol Ecol

Fitness Eastern Canada 26 Hybrids and fitness Base-de-plein-air Sainte-Foy • Leaf & flowering phenology 19.6% (27/138) • Reproductive fitness Disturbed habitat • Disease susceptibility Recipient (20-50-yr-old) • Etc Distance: from 100m to few km 2009 • B = P. balsamifera • D = P. deltoides • N = Natural hybrids (DxB) • X = Exotic hybrids (BxN, DNxB, etc.)

Fitness Eastern Canada 27 Hybrids and fitness Ex: Disease susceptibility No significant difference between native and hybrids • Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) Rust susceptibility • M. medusae (Mmd) Uredia / cm 2 Roe et al. 2014 Ecol & Evol a, b

28 Summary - Poplars 1. Does spontaneous hybridization occur between exotic and native species in natural settings? Yes, genotypes/recipient species, environment 2. If spontaneous hybrids do form, are they viable? Do they reproduce ? Where? Yes, seed mediated gene flow, disturbed habitats 3. Are they more fit than their parental species? For many characters they are intermediate

Studied systems 29 Risk assessment for PNTs Do exotic larches reproduce with native species in natural settings? Recipient species Donor species L. decidua L. kaempferi L. sibirica & hybrids

30 Effect of landscape and recipient species Bonaventure Seeds 3.2% Recruits 1.5% Lotbinière Seeds 0.9% Recruits 2.8% 5000 seed, 1000 recruits

Research Framework 31 Risk assessment for PNTs Steps of the introgression process Contact Zones   Contemporary Plantations vs Natural forests

32 Long distance gene flow Recipient species Populus balsamifera Fct: 0.063 100 nuclear SNPs 1200 individuals Meirmans et al. 2017 JEB

Research Framework 33 Risk assessment for PNTs Steps of the introgression process Contact Zones Old  Natural forests   Contemporary Plantations vs Natural forests

Biotic interactions Central Canada 34 Oldman River and Red Deer River P. balsamifera P. deltoides P. angustifolia

Biotic interactions Central Canada 35 Oldman River Floate et al. 2016 New Phytol.

Conclusions 36 The framework Jared LeBoldus et al. 2013 Plos One Kevin Floate et al. 2015 New Phytologist  Meirmans et al. 2017 JEB Julie Godbout et al. unpublished  Patrick Meirmans et al. 2009 Evol Appl Amanda Roe et al. 2014a,b Ecol Evol  Patrick Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot StaceyThompson et al. 2010 Mol Ecol Patricia Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag Patrick Meirmans et al. 2013 TGG

Conclusions 37 Missing piece Howlett & Migone 2010 Technology in Society Social licensing, Economical values & Ecosystem services

38 Patrick Meirmans Julie Godbout Manuel Lamothe Marie-Claude Gros-Louis Audrey Lachance Stewart Rood Eric Dussault Jean Bousquet Daniel Plourde Damase Khasa Philippe Tanguay Josyanne Lamarche Amanda Roe Chris McQuarrie Jared LeBoldus Tannis Beardmore Pierre Périnet’s team Dale Simpson Martin Perron’ team Barb Thomas Bill Schroeder Peter Blemis Tom Whitham Kevin Floate Matt Lau