Artificial Intelligence: Introduction Byoung-Tak Zhang School of - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

4190.408 2016-Spring Artificial Intelligence: Introduction Byoung-Tak Zhang School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

4190.408 Artificial Intelligence http://bi.snu.ac.kr/Courses/4ai16s/4ai16s.html • Instructor : Prof. Byoung-Tak Zhang (btzhang@bi.snu.ac.kr) • TA : Seong-Ho Son (shson@bi.snu.ac.kr) & Hyo-Sun Chun (hschun@bi.snu.ac.kr) • Classroom : 302-107 • Time : Tue & Thu 11:00-12:15 • Objectives : – To understand the theory and applications of artificial intelligence and cognitive science – To acquire the technical tools for building intelligent agents, such as Bayesian networks, deep neural networks, and reinforcement learning. – To understand the history and future prospects of artificial intelligence • Textbook – Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, 2010. • References – A Tutorial on Learning with Bayesian Networks, David Heckerman – Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, Third Edition, M.S. Gazzaniga, R.B. Ivry, and G.R. Mangun, Norton & Company, 2008. – Hypernetworks: A molecular evolutionary architecture for cognitive learning and memory, IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 3(3):49-63, 2008. B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

4190.408 Artificial Intelligence http://bi.snu.ac.kr/Courses/4ai16s/4ai16s.html • • Topics Evaluation : – Brain, Mind & AI – two exams (50%) – Bayesian Networks – two miniprojects (30%) – Problem Solving and Heuristic – project presentation (10%) Search – participation in discussion (10%) – Knowledge Representation and • Projects : Reasoning – Natural Language Processing – Project 1: Bayesian networks – Logic, Symbolic AI, and Cognitive – Project 2: Deep neural networks Science • Practice – Deep Neural Networks – Bayesian Network (3/15 & 3/17) – Intelligent Agents – Deep Neural Network (T.B.A.) – Cognitive Robots – Wearable AI – Human-level AI B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

4190.408 Artificial Intelligence 2016-Spring AI History and Highlights Byoung-Tak Zhang School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

Brief History of AI • Early enthusiasm (1950’s & 1960’s) – Turing test (1950) – 1956 Dartmouth conference – Emphasize on intelligent general problem solving • Emphasis on knowledge (1970’s) – Domain specific knowledge – DENDRAL, MYCIN • AI became an industry (late 1970’s & 1980’s) – Knowledge-based systems or expert systems – Wide applications in various domains • Searching for alternative paradigms (late 1980’s - early 1990’s) – AI’s Winter: limitations of symbolic/logical approaches – New paradigms: neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, artificial life • Resurge of AI (mid 1990’s – present) – Internet, Information retrieval, data mining, bioinformatics – Intelligent agents, autonomous robots • Recent trends: – Probabilistic computation – Biological basis of intelligence – Brain research, cognitive science B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

Turing’s Dream of Thinking Machines ( 1950) • Can machine think? • Alan Turing proposes the Turing test to decide if a computer is exhibiting intelligent behavior – Turing, Alan M. "Computing machinery and intelligence." Mind (1950): 433-460. • http://youtu.be/1uDa7jkIztw Alan Turing (1912-1954) B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

Birth of AI (1956) • Dartmouth Conference 1956: "Artificial Intelligence“ gained its name – organized by Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy and two senior scientists: Claude Shannon and Nathan Rochester of IBM – proposal included this assertion: "every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it" – Proposal: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html Five of the attendees of the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence reunited at the July AI@50 conference. From left: Trenchard More, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Oliver Selfridge, and Ray Solomonoff. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~vox/0607/0724/ai50.html B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

Deep Blue (1997) • IBM’s Deep Blue computer beats Garry Kasparov, the world chess champion. • Deep Blue can evaluate 200 million chess positions per second • http://youtu.be/y9UMt-8gfW8 B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

DARPA Grand Challenge (2005) • A Stanford vehicle wins the DARPA Grand Challenge • Driving autonomously across the desert for 131 miles • Racing Video: http://youtu.be/M2AcMnfzpNg • Stanford Racing Team: http://cs.stanford.edu/group/roadrunner//old/index.html B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

DARPA Urban Challenge (2007) • Tartan Racing (CMU+GM) claimed the $2 million prize • 96 km urban area course, to be completed < 6 hours • Challenge involves mission planning, motion planning, behavior generation, perception, world modeling • http://youtu.be/P0NTV2mbJhA B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

Google’s Driverless Car (2009) • Uses artificial technology intelligence and makes decisions on its own (if mistake is made it will alert driver) – Artificial Intelligence / Computer Vision / GPS / Google Maps / Various Sensors • Test Driving: http://youtu.be/X0I5DHOETFE • Ted by Sebastian Thrun: http://youtu.be/r_T-X4N7hVQ B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

IBM Watson wons “Jeopardy!” (2011) • Watson, a supercomputer built by IBM, defeated the two greatest-ever Jeopardy champions • Involves natural language processing, information retrieval, knowledge representation and reasoning, and machine learning • Jeopardy!: http://youtu.be/WFR3lOm_xhE • CogniToy’s dinosaur connected to Watson: http://youtu.be/1Q2v2rIpjTg B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

Apple Siri: Personal Assistant (2011) • an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator which works as an application for Apple's iOS • adapts to the user's individual preferences over time and personalizes results, and performing tasks such as finding recommendations for nearby restaurants, or getting directions • http://youtu.be/8ciagGASro0 B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

The Next 50 Years: Human-Level AI • To achieve a true human-level intelligence, brain-like information processing is required Creative Uncertain Adaptive Inattentive Sociable Emotional Versatile Illogical 1 + 2 = 5 ! 100 < 10 ? B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

AI in Movies • • 2001 a Space Odyssey (1968) A.I. (2006) – – HAL-9000, human-level artificial assistant AI robot with emotion • • Bicentennial Man (1999) Iron Man 3 (2008) – – Android robot Andrew, household robot JARVIS, an AI agent communicating and interacting with humans – Emphasize humanity of AI robot • Her (2013) • I, Robot (2004) – A haman falls in love with an AI computer – Humanoid robots serve humanity by • obeying “Three Laws of Robotics” Transcendence (2014) – Inspired by Issac Asimov’s short -story – A supercomputer into which human collection in 1942 consciousness is uploaded B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence(AI)? • Branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior • Design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently • Study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better • Designing computer programs to make computers smarter • Develop programs that respond flexibly in situation that were not specifically – e.g.) House-cleaning robots • Perceive its surroundings • Navigate on the floor • Respond to events • Decide what to do next • Space exploration • Synonyms of AI: machine intelligence B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence(AI)? • AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by humans and other living things, but for which we don’t have good algorithms for solving. – e. g., understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis, circuit design, learning, self- adaptation, reasoning, chess playing, proving math theories, etc. • Definition from R & N book: a program that – Acts like human (Turing test) – Thinks like human (human-like patterns of thinking steps) – Acts or thinks rationally (logically, correctly) • Some problems used to be thought of as AI but are now considered not – e. g., compiling Fortran in 1955, symbolic mathematics in 1965, pattern recognition in 1970 B io 4190.408 Artificial Intelligence ( 2016-Spring) I ntelligence