The OSCE – A comprehensive approach to security Mr. Tarik Ndifi Analyst/Researcher
Structure 1. OSCE – Background 2. Peacekeeping modalities in the OSCE 3. OSCE – Field Operations a) The Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine b) The High-Level Planning Group
57 participating States 11 Partners for Co-operation
Helsinki Final Act, signed 1975 “Decalogue” 1. Sovereign equality of states 2. Refraining from the threat or use of force 3. Inviolability of frontiers 4. Territorial integrity of states 5. Peaceful settlement of disputes 6. Non-intervention in internal affairs 7. Respect for human rights & fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief 8. Equal rights & self-determination of peoples 9. Co-operation among states 10.Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law
Comprehensive approach to security 1. Politico-military security 2. Economic and environmental security 3. Human security
Topics dealt with in the OSCE Arms control Human rights Economic activities Politico-military dimension environmental dimension Border management Elections Environmental activities Human dimension Economic and Conflict prevention and resolution Media freedom and development Good governance Countering terrorism National minority issues Policing Roma and Sinti Reform and co-operation in the Rule of law security sector Tolerance and non-discrimination Cross-dimensional Combating human trafficking Democratization Gender equality Youth Cyber/ICT Security Education Migration
Specialised Institutions Office for Democratic High Commissioner on Institutions and National Minorities Human Rights (The Hague/Netherlands) (Warsaw/Poland) Representative on Parliamentary Assembly Freedom of the Media (Copenhagen/Denmark) (Vienna/Austria)
2. Peacekeeping modalities in the OSCE (based on the CSCE Helsinki Document 1992)
Peacekeeping modalities in the OSCE Peacekeeping is considered to be • an element for “conflict prevention and crisis management intended to complement the political process of dispute resolution”, and • “may be undertaken in cases of conflict within or among participating States .”
Peacekeeping modalities in the OSCE An OSCE peacekeeping operation “can involve civilian and/or military personnel” and may “assume a variety of forms including observer and monitor missions and larger deployments of forces”. Peacekeeping activities could be used • to supervise and help maintain cease-fires, • to monitor troop withdrawals, • to support the maintenance of law and order, • to provide humanitarian and medical aid and • to assist refugees.
Peacekeeping modalities in the OSCE Peacekeeping operations will “not entail enforcement action” and “require the consent of the parties directly concerned”. Requests to initiate peacekeeping operations “may be addressed by one or more participating States”.
Peacekeeping modalities in the OSCE Before the decision to dispatch a mission is taken, the following conditions must be fulfilled: • establishment of an effective and durable cease-fire; • agreement on the necessary Memoranda of Understanding with the parties concerned, and • provision of guarantees for the safety at all times of personnel involved.
Peacekeeping modalities in the OSCE Recommended reading: “A Role for OSCE Peacekeeping? From the 1992 Helsinki Guidelines to the Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine” CORE Working Paper 27/2015
Selection of OSCE publications relevant for peacekeeping, inlcuding community policing
3. OSCE Field Operations
OSCE Figures 2019 16 field operations 3,400+ staff, the majority in the field 2019 budget: € 138,204,100 + € 100,844,500 for the SMM
3a) The Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine SMM established on 21 March 2014 (PC.DEC/1117) Tasks (a.o.): - Gather information and report on the security situation - Establish and report facts in response to incidents concerning violations of OSCE principles and commitments - Monitor and support respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms - Facilitate dialogue to reduce tensions and promote normalization Size: - up to 1,450 staff - currently 1,308 staff from 44 States - of which 770 are Monitoring Officers - of which 600 are deployed to the "East“ (as of 8 April 2019)
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine SMM Field Offices Frankivsk Chernivtsi Kiev Odessa Kherson Kharkiv Dnipro- Ivano- Lviv petrovsk Donetsk Luhansk
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine The " Minsk Protocol ", signed on 5 September 2014 1. Ensure an immediate bilateral ceasefire. 2. Ensure the monitoring and verification of the ceasefire by the OSCE. 3. Law on "Local Self-Governance in Particular Districts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts". 4. Ensure the permanent monitoring of the Ukrainian-Russian border by the OSCE. 5. Immediate release of all hostages and illegally detained persons. 6. A law preventing the prosecution and punishment of persons. 7. Continue inclusive national dialogue. 8. Improve the humanitarian situation in Donbass. 9. Ensure early local elections. 10. Withdraw illegal armed groups, military equipment, fighters and mercenaries from Ukraine. 11. Adopt a program of economic recovery and reconstruction for the Donbass region. 12. Provide personal security for participants in the consultations.
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine The " Minsk Memorandum ", signed on 19 September 2014 • To pull heavy weaponry 15 kilometres back on each side of the line of contact • To ban offensive operations • To ban flights by combat aircraft over the security zone • To withdraw all foreign mercenaries from the conflict zone • To set up an OSCE mission to monitor implementation of Minsk Protocol
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Package of measures (" Minsk 2 "), signed on 12 February 2015 • Pull-out of heavy weapons and monitoring and verification of ceasefire regime by OSCE, using all necessary technical means; • Dialogue on modalities of conducting local elections; • Restore control of the state border to the Ukrainian government by the end of 2015; • Elections in accordance with OSCE standards and monitored by OSCE. Signatories: • OSCE Special Representative Heidi Tagliavini • Former Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma • Russian Ambassador to Ukraine Mikhail Zurabov • DPR Alexander Zakharchenko • LPR Igor Plotnitsky
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Reports published by the Mission: Daily and Spot Reports Thematic Reports Status Reports
Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine SMM’s Thematic Report on “ Protection of Civilians and their Freedom of Movement in the Donetsk and Luhansk Regions ” issued on 6 May 2015
3b) The High-Level Planning Group
The HLPG’s Mandate and Mission 1. Make recommendations to the OSCE’s Chairperson in Office on developing a plan for the establishment, force structure requirements and operation of a multinational OSCE peacekeeping force; 2. Size, characteristics, C2, logistics, allocation of units and locations, ROE and MOU/SOFA
The HLPG The South Caucasus
The HLPG’s Training Initiatives CPX “SEVEN STARS 18 ” Multinational Austrian International Peacekeeping Centre German International PK Training Centre (Götzendorf, 2016) (Hammelburg, 2016) Peacekeeping Brigade South-Eastern Europe (Tyrnavos, 2018) UN Training School Ireland (Curragh, 2017) UN MilObs TrgCenter (Naro-Fominsk, 2017) MN CIMIC Group (Motta Di Livenza, 2018)
Challenges/Opportunities/Requirements • Peace operations have undergone a range of evolutions necessitating new capabilities and new training requirements for Peacekeepers • Most of the HLPG’s planning is based on assumptions • The HLPG must address and incorporate these requirements into its own operational planning matrix • The HLPG engages with a range of Peace Operations Training Centers • The HLPG draws on good practices, new developments, training initiatives and online learning opportunities, including LL from other organisations • Training for HQ staff members • Training for unit specialists • Training opportunities for contributing nations (based on bilateral agreement)
Engagement with Organizations, Groups and Subject Matter Experts In planning for a more polarised, more unpredictable and unstable security environment it is essential to: • Enhance co-operation and engagement with a broad range of organizations and subject matter experts, • Analyse and adapt to recent and new developments, • Implement appropriate changes and adjustments to HLPG’s planning matrix
Thank you for your attention Tarik.Ndifi@osce.org +43 676 30 30 680
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