Applied konstruktion af apparater Indhold Biomechanics - PDF document

Formål At give indsigt i Biomekanik i relation til design og Applied konstruktion af apparater Indhold Biomechanics Biomechanics Newton mekanik Newton mekanik Biomekaniske målemetoder Antropometri Idræt http://www.hst.aau.dk/~pm/ab/ab.html Ergonomi Modellering Pascal Madeleine AB Applied Biomechanics mm 5 Human factors and systems Applications in Ergonomics Anthropometri Concepts Cumulative trauma disorders – repetitive stress injuries mm 7 Applications in Ergonomics Concepts, cumulative disorders mm 8 Optimization in Ergonomics mm7 AB Pascal Madeleine History Definition Domains of specialization Holistic approach in which considerations of physical, Taylor and Gilbreth showed how a task can be cognitive, social, organizational, environmental and broken down into a number of identifiable, discrete other relevant factors are taken into account. There exist domains of specialization within the steps that can be characterized by: discipline, which represent deeper competencies in discipline, which represent deeper competencies in - type of physical motion specific human attributes or characteristics of human - energy expenditure interaction. - time required to accomplish the task - Physical ergonomics - Cognitive ergonomics Increase productivity - Organizational ergonomics

Definition How the body works in working situations? Domains of specialization Physical ergonomics Anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, anthropometry, … The body like en engine – Fueling and cooling system Cognitive ergonomics moves supplies to combustion sites (muscles and Memory, computer interface, instrument design, stress, Memory, computer interface, instrument design, stress, organs) and removes combustion by-products (lactic organs) and removes combustion by-products (lactic user interface, … acid, carbon dioxide,…) for dissipation (skin and lungs). Organizational ergonomics Working situations, rotation,working hours, … Control systems: respiratory system, circulatory system, metabolic system Assessment Assessment of energy of energy expenditures expenditures at work at work Assessment of energy expenditures Assessment at work of energy expenditures at work

Exposure-Response-Effect How the body interacts with Model the environment? Load Physical Individual Thermoregulation work factors Biomechanical Responses Working in cold Tolerance and and hot hot environment Organisational factors Subjective Air pollution Physiological Responses Responses Altitude (Pain, Discomfort) Noise Social Injury Gravity context Vibrations Disability Radiations … Exposure-Response-Effect Model Pain in Europe � European survey � 46,000 interviews in 16 European Load countries Biomechanical Responses Tolerance Subjective Physiological Responses Responses (Pain, Discomfort) Injury Disability www.painineurope.com Cumulative trauma disorders Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) (CTDs) CTDs is commonly known as work-related disorders of You've heard it called Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) the head and upper extremities and are caused when and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. there is sufficient stress in a tissue to cause a pathologic It is also known as: Tendinitis, Tennis Elbow or change in that tissue. change in that tissue. Epicondylitis, DeQuervain's Disease, and Thoracic Epicondylitis, DeQuervain's Disease, and Thoracic Examples of common CTD injuries: Outlet Syndrome. It causes pain and discomfort in the - tendinitis - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome neck, shoulders, wrists, forearms, fingers, elbows, and - fibromyalgia - synovitis/bursitis back. It can be disabling. CTDs is the current name for a collections of symptoms which can be found in the medical literature occurring Not really treatable but it is preventable. in standardists/musicians from as early the early 1800’s (Fry, 1986)

Cumulative trauma disorders CTDs (CTDs) CTDs can be divided into separate causative factors: Use of Excessive Force: CTD is a wear-and-tear injury to the soft muscle tissue. Due to inexperience, improper supervision, a belief that more It is caused by continual stress to specific tendons, force does a better job, competition on the line among workers, joints, or muscles. Stress is induced by repetition, force, broken or faulty equipment, poorly designed equipment vibration, and cold. Your body is stressed by daily living activities. If your body is not able to recover from these activities. If your body is not able to recover from these Fixed Working Postures: Fixed Working Postures: stressful activities, it will no longer tolerate them. P rolonged periods of static posture. CTD is linked to work-related activities (writing, Speed of Workers' Movements: typing, assembly, tool use). Piece or machine-paced work However, nonoccupational like body weight, pre- existing injuries, physical fitness, smoking, gender, age Psychosocial Stress and health conditions (diabetes, arthritis) are of importance. CTDs CTDs Local Fatigue Systemic Fatigue Listed below are the categories of the body in which the There may be any combination of the following signs resultant symptomatology is described, due to local and symptoms when systemic fatigue is involved with or fatigue: without local fatigue, although local almost always precedes systemic: • Biomechanical • Biomechanical • general feelings of fatigue; • general feelings of fatigue; • inability to sleep leading anxiety and/or irritability; • Tenderness and pain • general feeling of heaviness or lack of mobility; • general or specific pain that has been described as • Circulatory problem constant or intermittent dull pain, sharp and/or shooting sensations. • Neurophysiological MMH Analysis of working situations � Heavy work (lift) � Repetitive work (ensidigt gentaget arbejde) – Slaughterhouse – Slaughterhouse – Refuse collection – Computer work – Manual material handling � Vibrations � … COLLAB ABOR ORAT ATION ION WITH ERGOMAT A/S

Repetitive work Refuse collection COLLAB ABOR ORAT ATION ION WITH AAS COLLAB ABOR ORAT ATION ION WITH AHTS, R98,… Computer work COLLAB ABOR ORAT ATION ION WITH SAS Vibrations Computer work COLLAB ABOR ORAT ATION ION WITH AMI COLLAB ABOR ORAT ATION ION WITH DSB

Model Risk factors Both physical and psychosocial factors are of interest and will influence the outcome. OCCUPATIONAL The known physical factors are: MOTOR SETTINGS - relatively fixed erect posture, CONTROL - repetitive arm movements, - repetitive arm movements, - heavy work, - insufficient rest, - static posture and - vibrations PAIN IN - cold DEEP STRUCTURE Exposure-response-effect (2) Back (Sjøgaard 1995) Exposure - Mental External Factors - Physical Internal Factors Acute Response - ATP-ase - ATP-ase - Actin-Myosin Coupling - Etc… Individual Factors Long Term Effects Adaptation WMSD - Chronic effects Risk factors Low back pain Both physical and psychosocial factors are of interest and will influence the outcome. Pain in lower back coming from the spine, muscles, nerves, or other structures in that region of your back. The known physical factors are: It may also radiate from other areas. - relatively fixed erect posture, - repetitive arm movements, - repetitive arm movements, Variety of symptoms: tingling or burning sensation, a Variety of symptoms: tingling or burning sensation, a - heavy work, dull aching, or sharp pain. Evt. weakness in your legs or - insufficient rest, feet. - static posture and - vibrations Not necessarily caused by one event. One may have been doing many things improperly for a long time. Then suddenly, one simple movement leads to the feeling of pain.