Anatomy Terms terms of direction anterior/posterior medial/lateral - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Anatomy Terms terms of direction anterior/posterior medial/lateral superior/inferior proximal/distal anatomical position

Bone Terms shaft: diaphysis end: epiphysis process tuberosity condyle epicondyle head articulation

General Structure of Connective Tissue connective tissue has mainly extracellular materials with scattered cells • connective tissue cells secrete proteins such as collagen that form fibers • examples: bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments (dense regular connective tissue), dermis of skin (dense irregular connective tissue), loose connective tissue (shown above in small intestine)

Compact and Trabecular Bone Wheater figure 10.8

Organization of Bone Tissue Wheater Figure 10.10

Articulation Showing Articular Cartilage Wheater Figure 10.24

Articular Cartilage Wheater Figure 10.25 synovial joint in finger Wheater Figure 10.26 articular cartilage on the surface of the head of a femur of a young adult

Location of Trachea in Respiratory System Wheater Figure 12.1

Bone Cells osteoblast: bone precursor cell (bone deposition) osteocyte: bone cell (enclosed in bone) osteoclast: derived from bone marrow (bone resorption)

Electron Micrograph of the Ruffled Membrane Figure 3 in Domon, T. and Wakita, M. (1989) Arch. Histol. Cytol. 52 (1): 1-13

Osteoclast during bone resorption • proteases digest collagen and other proteins • acid dissolves minerals in bone matrix • calcium and phosphate released Figure 2 from New England Journal of Medicine (2004) 351: 2839-49

Steps in Osteoclast Formation Important bits: PTH ( parathyroid hormone ) is the hormone that stimulates • this process in order to release Ca ++ from bone PTH acts on osteoblasts and promotes their survival • PTH analogs are a type of anabolic therapy for osteoporosis •

Osteoporosis • loss of bone mass that greatly increases the risk of fracture

Osteoporosis normal vertebra osteoporotic vertebra

Curvature in Back due to Vertebral Fractures in Osteoporosis

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis • age • decreased estrogen peak bone mass: mid-30’s Prevention of Osteoporosis good nutrition: adequate calcium and vitamin D • weight-bearing exercise •

Drug Treatment of Osteoporosis antiresorptive therapy: bisphosphonates (generic; inexpensive; first line of treatment) • anabolic therapy: PTH analogs •