1/20/15 ¡ Air Quality Regulations Associated with Tanker Emissions Board of Directors Meeting January 22-23, 2015 Anchorage, Alaska Austin Love Project Manager Terminal Operations A T ALE OF T WO R EGULATIONS 1 . MARPOL A NNEX VI A. International Regulation B. Codified through the U.S. Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships C. Implemented by the U.S. EPA, enforced by the United State Coast Guard 2 . V ISIBLE E MISSIONS S TANDARDS A. State Regulation B. Applicable to Marine Vessels and Stationary Sources C. Implemented and enforced by ADEC 1 ¡
1/20/15 ¡ D EFINITIONS IMO - International Maritime Organization MARPOL - International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships SOx - Sulfur Oxides NOx - Nitrogen Oxides ECA - Emissions Control Area MARPOL Annex VI - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships 1. P ARTICULATE M ATTER A. Increased risk of lung cancer B. Associated with low birth weight, preterm birth, infant mortality C. Can double the chance of autism during third trimester of pregnancy 2. S ULFUR D IOXIDE A. Apnea and shortness of breath B. Airway constriction C. Acidification of soils and water bodies 3. N ITROGEN O XIDES A. Lung inflammation B. Associated with increased heart disease C. Nutrient enrichment of aquatic ecosystems 2 ¡
1/20/15 ¡ MARPOL Annex VI – North American Emissions Control Area MARPOL Annex VI – Sulfur Dioxide Control Two Ways to Comply 1. Use cleaner fuel 2. Install equivalent controls Fuel Sulfur Standard (max % by weight) ECA Sulfur Cap Global Sulfur Cap On and after Aug. 1, 2012 1.00% On and after Jan. 1, 2012 3.50% On and after Jan. 1, 2015 0.10% On and after Jan. 1, 2020 0.50% 3 ¡
1/20/15 ¡ Sulfur in Fuel Used by Valdez Tankers 3.5 Percent Sulfur by Weight in Fuel 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Date MARPOL Annex VI – Nitrogen Oxides Control Tiered Approach Tier III – 2.0 g NOx/kWh Achieved by Engine Modifications • Fuel injection timing Tier II – 7.7 g NOx/kWh • Combustion chamber geometry • Valve timing Tier I – 9.8 g NOx/kWh at ≥ 2,000 RPM • Turbochargers Applicable Nitrogen Oxides Standards ECA Nitrogen Cap Global Nitrogen Cap Jan. 1, 2000 - Jan. 1, 2011 Tier I Jan. 1, 2000 - Jan. 1, 2011 Tier I After Jan. 1 2011 Tier II After Jan. 1 2011 Tier II After Jan. 1 2016 Tier III 4 ¡
1/20/15 ¡ MARPOL Annex VI – Expected pollution reduction from tankers in Prince William Sound 400 40 35 350 Metric Tonnes Metric Tonnes 30 300 25 250 20 200 15 150 10 100 5 50 0 0 Coarse Particulate Fine Particulate Nitrogen Dioxides Sulfur Dioxide Matter Matter 2002 2020 Projected Emissions * Emissions * Data Source: U.S. EPA. 2009. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Category 3 Marine Diesel Engines. Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. MARPOL Annex VI – Expected Heath and Economic Impacts in the United States Particulate Matter 2.5 – Related Impacts Annual Benefits of MARPOL VI Standards Average 2020 Annual Health Effect Reduction in Ship Related Incidents Description 2020 Premature Death 5,300 Adults (age 30+) Annual Net Benefits 14,000 Adults (25+) (Millions of 2006 $) 20 Infants (< 1 year) $45,000 to Non-fatal Heart 8,800 3 percent discount rate $110,000 Attacks $40,000 to Acute Bronchitis 8,500 7 percent discount rate $98,000 (ages 8-12) Asthma 95,000 Exacerbation (ages 6-18) 720,000 Work Loss Days Data Source: U.S. EPA. 2009. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Category 3 Marine Diesel Engines. Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. 5 ¡
1/20/15 ¡ V ISIBLE E MISSIONS S TANDARDS 1. Vessels cannot reduce visibility by more than 20% A. When at berth up to time that initial startup complete B. Exceptions: I. For 3 minutes in any one hour II. For 3 minutes during initial vessel startup 2. When visibility reduced by 15%, start observations 3. If observations show visibility reduction of 20% or more, must report deviation to ADEC SeaRiver Sierra, August 3, 2008 (Photo: Tom Kuckertz, PWS RCAC) V ISIBLE E MISSIONS – 2014 V IOLATION ( S ) - - - - July 31, 2014 - - - - Ship – SeaRiver Sierra Average Visibility Reduction – 60% Duration – 18 minutes Cause – Startup/Shutdown of Engine SeaRiver Sierra, August 31, 2014 (Photo: Mark Swanson, PWS RCAC) 6 ¡
1/20/15 ¡ EPA M ETHOD 9 – Q UANTIFYING O PACITY WITH H UMAN O BSERVERS 7 ¡
1/20/15 ¡ S UPPLEMENTAL I NFORMATION Fuel ¡Type ¡ Cost ¡($/Metric ¡Ton) 1 ¡ Intermediate ¡Fuel ¡Oil ¡180 ¡ 300.00 ¡ Low ¡Sulfur ¡Fuel ¡180 ¡(1.0% ¡Sulfur) ¡ 345.00 ¡ Low ¡Sulfur ¡Marine ¡Gasoil ¡(0.10% ¡Sulfur) ¡ 509.00 ¡ 1. December 31, 2014 Rotterdam, Netherlands prices from Bunkerworld.com 8 ¡
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