The Korean government (Ministry of Environment) has installed and managed air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) since 1973 to monitor air pollution and evaluate the implementation of the air quality improvement policies. Since 2011, the AQMSs have been managed in 2 groups. The first is for general monitoring including general and specific AQ monitoring (four and six stations, respectively) and the second is for intensive monitoring (six stations). (General AQ) Urban/rural/roadside AQ and background concentrations (Specific air quality) hazardous / photochemical / acid air pollutants (AP), atmospheric heavy metals, Earth’s atmosphere, and PM 2.5 components (Intensive AQMSs)
Total of 505 stations in 344 locations nationwide (as of December 2015) (MOE) 154 stations (76 locations) (Local governments) 351 stations (306 locations)
Form rm Che hemica cal l State te Role les s in Hg cycle le Atmosphe heric c concen centra tration tions 4.5 ng/m 3 N. America. rica. Urban an: 1.6 – 4.5 Bkgd. d.: 1.3 – 1.6 1.6 Low solub lubili lity ty, High vapor r P. Hg 0 Hg GEM, Euro rope Urban: 1.9 – 3.4 3.4 Lifetime me: 0.5 – 2 years Bkgd. d.: 1.4 – 1.9 1.9 g/m 3 ) (ng/m Ga Gaseou ous Elemental Elemental Me Merc rcury ury (>9 >95% 5%) an: 9.7 ± 10.2 Glob obal al pollu luta tant China Urban: Bkgd. d.: 0.48 – 1.73 1.73 Lifetime me: Days 37.2 pg/m 3 N. America rica Urban: an: 6.9 – 37 Bkgd. d.: 0.5 – 5.6 5.6 GOM, Emitt tted d by emission n sourc rces Hg 2+ 2+ Hg Euro rope Urban an: 2.5 Gaseou ous Oxidized d Mercury ury GEM is oxidiz dized in the ocean an (Br, Cl) Bkgd. d.: 9.1 – 26.5 6.5 g/m 3 ) (pg/m an: 34.7 ± 43.9 China Urban: (Divale alent, t, ionic, oxidiz dized) d) Rapid d remov moval al thro rough ugh wet & dry depos positi tion on d.: 5.7 ± 6.8 Bkgd. Local al pollu llutant nt Lifetime me: Days – weeks 25.4 pg/m 3 N. America rica Urban: n: 2.5 – 25 Bkgd.: 1.6 – 13.7 3.7 Emitt tted d by emission n sourc rces Hg Hg (p (p) PBM, Euro rope Urba ban: n: 12.5 GEM is com ombine ned d with parti ticle les. Bkgd.: .: 3.0 – 32.2 2.2 g/m 3 ) (pg/m Particlul lulat ate-Bou ound nd Mercury ry n: 276 ± 368 China Urba ban: 368 Wet & Dry depos positi tion on Bkgd.: 18.9 ± 15.6 Region onal al pollu llutant nt * TGM (Total l Gaseous us Mercury) ury) = GEM + GOM
Classification Country Emission(2010) % (ton/year) 1,96 960 ton Coal-fired Industrial Small-scale gold production other China 575. 5.2 29.3 180. 0.3 203. 3.0 167.7 25.2 U.S. 56.3 2.87 41.8 6.6 0.0 7.8 Japan 17.2 0.88 1.6 11.7 0.0 3.9 Koea 7.2 0.37 37 2.5 3.2 0.0 1.5 100 000 ton on/yr yr VCM productio ction <Mercury Emission in Korea> < Mercury Emission and use in China(L. Zhang’15)>
Minamata namata Conv nvent ntion, ion, agr greed eed in Oct. 2013 13, expecte pected to ta take ke effect ct in 2016 16 Article 19 Research, Development & Monitoring Article 22 Effectiveness evaluation Globa bal l mercury cury monitor toring ing network Europe : GMOS(Global Mercury Observation system) U.S.A. : MDN(Mercury Deposition Network) AMNet (Atmospheric Mercury Network) APMNN(Asia – Pacific Mercury Monitoring Network) - Korea plans to join (requires site selection and reliability of the measurement data)
Purpose To build basic data to understand the dry/wet deposition of acid air pollutants across the country and establish measures to minimize the damage they cause To estimate domestic mercury air pollution based on which mercury management policy will be built (e.g., mercury risk assessment and transboundary mercury management) Management As a member of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET), Korea operates monitoring stations that comply with EANET's QA/QC standards. ※ EANET was established in 1993, led by Japan, to address the challenges caused by acid deposition in East Asia. Currently, it has 13 East Asian member countries including Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar.
Siting criteria for monitoring stations The monitoring stations are included in the APMN to estimate the impact of mercury on the ecosystem by calculating the concentration and wet deposition of mercury. The monitoring stations are installed in three area groups: a) background areas to understand the long-range movement of mercury, b) areas to calculate domestic mercury concentrations, and c) lake/river areas where mercury is deposited as methylmercury.
• Included in the national acid Chunchen precipitation monitoring system Ganghwa Seoul • Monitoring of TGM in 12 stations Incheon Deokjeok • Mercury wet deposition monitoring Taean sites (Seoul, Incheon, Taean, and Jeju in 2016) Daegu Background (3 sites) (Chuncheon in 2017) Imshil Ulsan Industrial (2 sites) • Monitoring sites for mercury by Urban (4 sites) Busan Gwangyang Rural (3 sites) species (Taean and Jeju in 2017) Jeju(Gosan) Managed by Air Quality Research Division, NIER
Measurement Items State Measurement Items Gaseous Manual HNO 3 , NH 3 Dry Particle Manual Mass concentration and ionic components of PM 2.5 Wet Liquid Manual Electric conductivity, pH, and ionic components of rain or snow Auto Total gaseous mercury and mercury by specie Hg Manual Wet deposition of mercury Dry Wind direction, wind speed, temperature, and humidity Weather Precipitation (rainfall and snowfall), sampling and collection am factor Wet ount, and temperature
Conce centra tration tion of atmosphe spheric ric Hg by chemica cal l specie Hg concentr trati tion in precipita tation tion • Cumulative precipitation sampling per week (N-CON, Canada) Tekran 2537/1130/1135, Canada • Total Hg analysis using Tekran 2600 • TGM: 5-minute interval using Tekran 2537 • Comparative experiments among labs • GOM & PBM: 2-hour interval using Tekran 1130/1135 - Subsampling through homogenization and stabilization of the samples • QC: accuracy with reference samples using Tekran 2505 - APMMN, Taiwan Central University, and GIST : reference value adjustment via zero air measurement per 2 min.
• TGM assessment in bkgd./urban areas (using the AMMS results) Seoul • Concentration of atmospheric mercury by Incheon chemical specie (Taean) • Mercury wet deposition in bkgd./urban areas Taean Long-term monitoring data for effectiveness evaluation under the Minamata Convention Participation in the Asia-Pacific Mercury Monitoring Network 16 Jeju(Gosan)
Seoul Incheon Taean Jeju Winter 2.5 ± 1.0 3.3 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 1.5 1.8 ± 0.8 (Dec-Feb) Spring 2.6 ± 2.2 3.0 ± 0.3 2.8± 1.8 2.2 ± 0.0.5 (Mar-May) Summer 1.3 ± 0.5 2.9 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 0.5 1.6 ± 0.9 (Jun-Aug) 1.9± TGM Fall 2.4 ± 1.5 2.6 ± 0.2 (ng/ ㎥ ) 1.3 ± 0.6 (Sep-Nov) 0.7 Total 2.19 ± 1.57 2.97 ± 1.18 2.32 ± 1.40 1.73 ± 0.80 (range) (0.29-29.35) (1.01-15.97) (0.69-10.96) (0.40-4.68)
Pearson r Seoul Incheon Taean Jeju 1 .341 .367 .082 Seoul .341 1 .326 .123 Incheon .367 .326 1 .349 Taean .082 .123 .349 1 Jeju
• Little change in Jeju and Taean ⇒ Affected by long-range inflow more than local sources • Changes with time in Incheon ⇒ Local sources Air diffusion increases continuously (day) Air stagnation decreases continuously (night) • High concentration at certain times in Seoul (Korea’s Hg emission sources Y. Lee, ‘11)
• Low concentration by wet deposition through precipitation • High PM 2.5 accelerates TGM to PBM creation. Regional transport of PBM Good GEM – PBM correlation • GOM: no long-range migration ( < 90 km) affected by local sources GOM 낮고 , PBM 높음 GOM, PBM 높음 GOM, PBM 낮음 • GOM/PBM, PBM/GEM ratio → long -range effect
Comparative evaluations of exhaust gases using EPA Method 101A, 30A, and 30B Stack The analysis of Coal, lime, fly ash, bottom ash, and APCDs by-products samples Flue Gas Limestone Coal Wet Cold-side Boiler Feeding SCR FGD ESP Fuel Coal Gypsum Fly Ash Effluent Bottom Ash Gaseous Sample Solid Sample
• It is impossible to assort the chemical species of gaseous mercury. Method 101A • Preparation and analysis are • It greatly consumes manpower and (Official test method easier than OHM. causes risks and economic issues. on air pollution) • The complex sample preparations and recovery can cause errors. • It consumes manpower a lot and • It is possible to assort the causes risks and economic issues. Ontario Hydro Method chemical species of mercury. • The complex sample preparations and recovery can cause errors. • Preparations and analysis are • It is impossible to analyze simple. particulate. Method 30B • It is more economical than other • It can be applied only to the final (Sorbent trap) methods. outlet with low concentration of • It can be used to validate the dust. data of CEM equipment. Mos ost mercury exi xists in in the the form form of of vap vapor amon ong burned emis issions. Mos ost of of majo jor emission fac facili iliti ties in in Ko Korea are equ quipped with ith pa partic iculate mercury cont ontrol l sy systems.
Recommend
More recommend
