Agroforestry: A land-use system with potential on Irish farms I.J. Short 1 2 I.J. Short 1 2 T. Kent 1 1 T. Kent 1 School of Science, WIT School of Science, WIT 1 2 Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Teagasc, Johnstown Castle 2
Definition Agroforestry Agroforestry A A dynamic, ecologically based, natural resources management dynamic, ecologically based, natural resources management system that, through the integration of trees on farms and in the e system that, through the integration of trees on farms and in th agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels users at all levels (ICRAF, 2002) (ICRAF, 2002) Agroforestry is a new name for old Agroforestry is a new name for old practices practices ICRAF (2002). ICRAF (2002). What Is Agroforestry? What Is Agroforestry? http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org. ICRAF. ICRAF. Accessed 30/10/02 Accessed 30/10/02 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
History First defined in 1978 in the context of the First defined in 1978 in the context of the Tropics Tropics Agroforestry as a land Agroforestry as a land- -use system is ancient use system is ancient Majority of research based in the Tropics Majority of research based in the Tropics Interest increased in Temperate regions Interest increased in Temperate regions 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Types of agroforestry Silvoarable Trees and crops Alley cropping Orchard intercropping Cocoa under coconut, Malaysia 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Types of agroforestry Silvoarable Trees and crops Alley cropping Orchard intercropping Rubber and tea, China 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Types of agroforestry Silvoarable Trees and crops Alley cropping Orchard intercropping Arable crops and poplar, Uni. Leeds experiment 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Types of agroforestry Silvoarable Trees and crops Alley cropping Orchard intercropping Intercropping with strawberries in an immature peach orchard, Ontario 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Types of agroforestry Forest grazing, B.C., Canada Silvoarable Trees and crops Alley cropping Orchard intercropping Silvopastoral Trees and livestock Forest grazing Pannage 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Types of agroforestry Dehesa, S.W. Spain Silvopastoral Trees and livestock Forest grazing Pannage 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Types of agroforestry Shelterbelt, New Zealand Silvoarable Agrisilvopastoral Trees with crops and Trees and crops livestock Alley cropping Others Orchard Shelterbelt intercropping Riparian zones Silvopastoral Fodder banks Trees and livestock Home gardens Forest grazing Pannage 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Arrangement of components Spatial arrangement Spatial arrangement Temporal arrangement Temporal arrangement 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Component interactions Species A Species B causes a causes a has an response response effect on in in The environment Micro Micro- -climate climate Resources Resources 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Shared above-ground space Possible facilitation Possible competition +ve shade and shelter For light, depending for crops and livestock on canopy structure and relative times of Litter and mulch canopy activity effects Soil compaction Improved topsoil water status Fodder 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Shared rooting zone Possible facilitation Possible competition Improved resource For nutrients, capture depending relative times of root activity Improved soil physical and niche and chemical requirements properties Mycorrhizas N-fixation Enhanced numbers and activity of soil biota 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Deep rooting zone occupied by one plant component Possible facilitation Possible competition Improved resource None apparent capture Nutrient ‘pumping’ 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Publications 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
European Extension 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Context EU agricultural policy EU agricultural policy Sustainability Sustainability Environment Environment Decoupling Decoupling 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Context Commission Regulation (EC) Commission Regulation (EC) No 796/2004 of 21 April 2004 No 796/2004 of 21 April 2004 Article 8 Article 8 A parcel that contains trees shall be considered A parcel that contains trees shall be considered an agricultural parcel for the purposes of the an agricultural parcel for the purposes of the area- -related aid schemes provided that the related aid schemes provided that the area agricultural activities … … or the production or the production agricultural activities envisaged can be carried out in a similar way envisaged can be carried out in a similar way as on parcels without trees in the same area. as on parcels without trees in the same area. 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Context EU agricultural policy EU agricultural policy Sustainability Sustainability Environment Environment Decoupling Decoupling Government forest strategy Government forest strategy 9% 9%- -17% land area by 2030 17% land area by 2030 Kyoto agreement Kyoto agreement 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Afforestation Private > Public since introduction of Annual Private > Public since introduction of Annual Premia Premia (1987) (1987) 20,000 18,000 Public 16,000 Private 14,000 Area (Ha) 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1932 1942 1952 1962 1972 1982 1992 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Private afforestation Majority by farmers Majority by farmers 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 Total private afforestation Area (ha) 12,000 Afforestation by full time farmers 10,000 Afforestation by part-time farmers 8,000 Afforestation by non-farmers 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Farming systems Majority of Irish farms have cattle Majority of Irish farms have cattle Dairying Mainly tillage 29% 8% Dairying + other Cattle 16% 81% Cattle rearing Mainly sheep 19% 11% Cattle other 17% 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Model Inputs Systems Whiteman poplar price-size curve 45 40 Forestry Pasture 35 Agroforestry 30 25 3 £IR/m 20 15 Economics 10 5 Timber price-size data Grants and subsidies 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Discount rate Log volume (m 3 ) 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Model Inputs Model Systems Agroforestry interaction Forestry Pasture Agroforestry Sensitivity Prices, costs, yields, Economics subsidy, discount rate Timber price-size data Economics Grants and subsidies Discount rate Actual values Discounted values 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
Model - Agroforestry interaction Y = Y m x (1 – (2.18 x 10 -4 x GCL)) 100 90 Where: 80 Y = intercrop yield t.ha -1 Yield (% of monoculture) . 70 Y m = monocrop yield t.ha -1 60 GCL = green crown length m.ha -1 50 Sibbald et al. , 1994 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Year Pruned (%) Unpruned (%) 8 th Institutes of Technology, Science and Computing Research Colloquium, WIT, 26-28 May, 2004
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