Adoption and Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Adoption and Adult Outcomes in the Early Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman 20th Century Introduction Chiaki Moriguchi Historical Adoption John Parman Institute for Economic Constructing the College of William & Mary Dataset Research, Hitotsubashi and NBER Cross-Sectional University Analysis Longitudinal Analysis Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Adoption Next Steps Orphan train sponsored by the Children’s Aid Society
Adoption and Introduction Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman How does being raised in a non-traditional family influence adult outcomes? Introduction Historical Adoption The answer helps us better understand child Constructing the development, nature versus nurture, and the economics Dataset of the family Cross-Sectional Analysis We take a historical perspective on this question with a Longitudinal focus on adopted children in the early 20th century Analysis when the nature of adoption was changing Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Adoption We build a longitudinal dataset of adoptees and their Next Steps siblings by linking across censuses This allows us to assess how adopted children fare relative to the general population and relative to non-adopted siblings
Adoption and Introduction Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman Our new longitudinal dataset of adopted children and their Introduction siblings helps us investigate several questions about Historical Adoption early-20th century adoption: Constructing the Dataset Which types of families adopted children? Cross-Sectional Analysis How were those children treated by their adoptive Longitudinal households? Analysis How did those childhood experiences translate into long Pragmatic vs. Sentimental run outcomes? Adoption Next Steps Answers to these questions help us get at bigger issues of the economics of the family and the consequences of the shift from pragmatic to sentimental adoption in the US.
Adoption and Preview of Results Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman As children, adopted individuals were less likely to Introduction attend school, less likely to be literate, and more likely Historical Adoption to be idle Constructing the Dataset These differences persisted into adulthood with adopted Cross-Sectional individuals having lower overall educational attainments Analysis and lower incomes Longitudinal Analysis Family formation patterns of adopted individuals also Pragmatic vs. differed: they tended to have higher rates of marriage Sentimental Adoption and larger household sizes Next Steps These effects were somewhat larger in situations where adoption was more likely to be pragmatic rather than sentimental
Adoption and Modern Adoption Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi Modern studies tell us that there are negative John Parman consequences associated with being raised by Introduction non-biological parents Historical Adoption Clinical studies suggest higher rates of behavioral, Constructing the Dataset schooling, and drug problems among adopted and Cross-Sectional stepchildren Analysis Survey data reveals lower food expenditures and health Longitudinal Analysis investments in non-biological children Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Longitudinal studies show lower educational Adoption attainments for these children Next Steps Some evidence that these worse outcomes are due to selection rather than differential treatment We want to extend these studies to the early twentieth century
Adoption and Changing Institutions, Attitudes and Economies Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi The early 20th century saw a variety of changes that John Parman fundamentally affected adoption and the economics of Introduction the family Historical Adoption Families and jobs were moving from farms to cities Constructing the Dataset changing the costs and benefits of children Cross-Sectional Analysis Attitudes to and laws governing child labor and Longitudinal compulsory schooling were changing Analysis Pragmatic vs. Rates of infant and child mortality were declining Sentimental Adoption dramatically Next Steps The legal institutions related to adoption changed dramatically from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s Overall, it is a chance to witness the shift from pragmatic to sentimental adoption
Adoption and Changing Institutions, Attitudes and Economies Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman 250 80 Introduction 200 Historical Adoption High school graduation rate Infant mortality (per 1,000) 60 Constructing the Dataset 150 Cross-Sectional Analysis 40 Longitudinal 100 Analysis Pragmatic vs. 20 Sentimental 50 Adoption Next Steps 0 0 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year High school graduation rate Infant mortality (per 1,000)
Adoption and Changing Institutions, Attitudes and Economies Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman 100 Introduction US - 1990 Historical Adoption 80 Constructing the US - 1950 Dataset US - 1940 Cross-Sectional Enrollment rate US - 1930 Analysis US - 1920 60 US - 1910 Longitudinal US - 1880 Analysis US - 1890 US - 1900 US - 1870 Pragmatic vs. Sentimental 40 Adoption Next Steps 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 Infant mortality rate
Adoption and Adoption in Mid 19th Century Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman Introduction Historical Adoption Constructing the Dataset Cross-Sectional Analysis Longitudinal Analysis Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Adoption Next Steps
Adoption and Changing Institutions, Attitudes and Institutions Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman Introduction From ”The Best Method of Disposing of Our Pauper and Historical Adoption Vagrant Children” (C.L. Brace, 1859): Constructing the Dataset “The Emigration-plan of the Children’s Aid Cross-Sectional Analysis Society, is simply to connect the supply of juvenile Longitudinal labor of the city with the demand from the Analysis country, and to place unfortunate, destitute, Pragmatic vs. Sentimental vagrant, and abandoned children at once in good Adoption families in the country.” Next Steps
Adoption and Adoption in the Late 19th Century Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman Introduction Historical Adoption Constructing the Dataset Cross-Sectional Analysis Longitudinal Analysis Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Adoption Next Steps
Adoption and Adoption in the Early 20th Century Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman Introduction Historical Adoption Constructing the Dataset Cross-Sectional Analysis Longitudinal Analysis Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Adoption Next Steps
Adoption and Adoption in the Early 20th Century Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman Introduction Historical Adoption Constructing the Dataset Cross-Sectional Analysis Longitudinal Analysis Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Adoption Next Steps New York Times, 1927
Adoption and Adoption in the Early 20th Century Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman Introduction Historical Adoption Constructing the Dataset Cross-Sectional Analysis Longitudinal Analysis Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Adoption Next Steps
Adoption and The Changing Nature of Adoption Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman All of these changes impact the relative likelihood of Introduction Historical Adoption pragmatic versus sentimental adoption Constructing the This presents a really fascinating opportunity to study Dataset how families respond to these changes Cross-Sectional Analysis On the extensive margin, we can examine changes in Longitudinal Analysis who adopts and what consequences this has for children Pragmatic vs. On the intensive margin, we can look at how adopted Sentimental Adoption children are treated relative to biological children Next Steps Adoption during this period offers a unique view into the economics of the family
Adoption and Historical Versus Modern Data Adult Outcomes in the Early 20th Century Chiaki Moriguchi John Parman The early 20th century is a fascinating period of study Introduction for adoption and adult outcomes Historical Adoption However, a historical study is also appealing from a Constructing the data availability standpoint Dataset Cross-Sectional Privacy concerns severely restrict the availability of Analysis modern adoption data Longitudinal Analysis Cross-sectional data on adults rarely identify adoptees Pragmatic vs. Sentimental Longitudinal data have some serious sample size (and Adoption potentially selection) issues Next Steps With complete historical censuses and lots of RA time, a historical longitudinal dataset can track thousands of adopted children and their siblings
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