— Addressing Radial Feeder Challenges with Microgrids by Randall September, ABB
— Agenda Challenges of the future power grid • Overview of Radial Feeder Challenges • How can Microgrid help • What ABB has to offer • Radial Feeder Microgrid Business Case • Summary • October 25, 2018 Slide 2
— Grid connected Battery Energy Storage Systems October 25, 2018 Slide 3
— Challenges of the future power grid Long-term drivers for energy storage Electricity consumption on the rise • Coal plant retirements • Growth in renewables • Electrification of transportation • Proliferation of smart grid technology • Tax and regulatory incentives • Slide 4 October 25, 2018
— Executive Summary Target is distribution utilities that can own energy storage Challenges for distribution utilities Microgrid benefits Radial feeders in need of capacity upgrades for Defer distribution system upgrades while • • the demand growth. manage expected demand growth Below-average reliability and power quality Improve reliability performance and resiliency • • metrics Provide voltage regulation and increase hosting • Voltage issues due to the increased Solar capacity of network for additional renewable • Photovoltaic (PV) penetration penetration Peak demand charges for Distribution utility Decrease demand charges by peak shaving • • October 25, 2018 Slide 5
— Microgrid ABB has +331 MW global installed capacity of Microgrid and BESS Microgrid Definition Distributed energy resources and loads that can be operated in a Remote asset Solar PV Wind Commercial management power plant power plant controlled, coordinated way loads and data analytics either connected to the main power grid or in “islanded”* Distributed Grid mode. control system Residential connection loads Microgrids are low or medium voltage grids without power Advanced power Industrial Conventional distribution and loads transmission capabilities and are power protection typically not geographically spread out . Modular scalable energy storage and grid stabilization * Islanded mode: ability to provide power independently from the main power grid October 25, 2018 Slide 6
— Grid connected energy storage applications Load leveling Spinning reserve for generation utilization In case of line loss 10-1000 MW, 1-8 h 10-500 MW, 0.25-1 h Conventional ESS central ESS generation Load center 20 kV 220 kV Load leveling 220 kV for postponement of grid upgrade Integration of 1-10 MW, 1-6 h 220 kV renewables 1-100 MW,1-10 h ESS Peak shaving ESS 110 kV 0.5-10 MW, 1 h ESS 20 kV ring 110 kV 20 kV 110 kV Industry/ ESS Large commercial Variable 0.4 kV Frequency regulation Stabilization renewable Solar PV time shift 1-50 MW, 0.25-1 h 0.1-5 MW, generation 1-100 kW, 2-6 h 5 min ESS ESS Residential/Small commercial Microgrid October 25, 2018 Slide 7
— Radial Feeder challenges
— Load Growth Challenge Distribution utility with radial feeders in need for capacity upgrade Radial feeder Load forecast, substation capacity Solar PV Circuit Aggregated Breaker Load Voltage Voltage Substation Regulator Regulator Distribution system cannot host the expected demand growth in future due to substation capacity October 25, 2018 Slide 9
— Reliability Performance Measurements System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) System Average Interruption Duration Index System Average Interruption Frequency Index System Average Interruption Duration Index System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIDI): (SAIFI): The sum of the restoration time for each sustained The sum of the number of interrupted customers interruption multiplied by the sum of the number of for each power outage greater than five minutes customers interrupted, divided by the total number during a given period, divided by the total number of customers served for the area. This metric is of customers served for the area. This metric is expressed in average minutes per year expressed in the average number of outages per year According to IEEE, North American utilities have the SAIFI median value of 1.10 interruptions per customer per year and the SAIDI median value of 90 minutes per customer per year October 25, 2018 Slide 10
— Reliability Performance for Utilities US utility categories and reliability performances ABB Ability TM Velocity Suite, October 25, 2018 Slide 11 https://new.abb.com/enterprise-software/energy-portfolio-management/market-intelligence-services/velocity-suite
— Economic Impacts of Reliability Performance Example from San Diego Gas & Electric Impacts SAIDI System Worst Circuit SAIFI System Worst Circuit Target 60 585 Target 0.51 4.40 1. Penalty/ Reward Scheme (outages) (minutes) Dead Band +/- 0.02 +/- 0.35 Dead Band +/- 2 +/- 35 2. Non-Delivered Energy (Costumer compensation Increment 1 10 Increment 0.01 0.10 Finnish Electricity Market Act) Annual 1% Annual 1% Improvement Improvement Reward 375 kUSD 125 kUSD Reward 375 kUSD 125 kUSD Increment Increment Penalty 375 kUSD 125 kUSD Penalty 375 kUSD 125 kUSD Increment Increment Maximum 3 MUSD 1 MUSD Maximum 3 MUSD 1 MUSD “Decision Addressing The General Rate Cases of San Diego Gas & Electric Company and Southern California Gas Company and The P roposed October 25, 2018 Slide 12 Settlements”, June 2016 Finish Electricity Market Act, 2018, “Compensation for Power Cuts”
— Voltage Issues Impact of PV on the radial feeder voltage regulation US Solar Global Horizontal Irradiance Map with Planned and Operating Solar Generating Units (By ABB Ability TM Velocity Does voltage regulation impact…. Suite) Over Voltage: The PV generation increases the line voltage at the feed-in point. Voltage Fluctuations: Clouds cause frequent voltage changes. Voltage regulators have ~30 second operational delay. In the existence of solar PV, VRs need to get replaced every year due to hundreds of thousands operation (mechanical switching) per year. ABB Ability TM Velocity Suite, October 25, 2018 Slide 13 https://new.abb.com/enterprise-software/energy-portfolio-management/market-intelligence-services/velocity-suite J. Bank, B. Mather, J. Keller, and M. Codington, “High Penetration Photovoltaic Case Study Report,” NREL, 2013
— Charges for Peak Demand Distribution utilities pay charges related to the peak demand - Example New England Independent System Operator (ISO) Transmission Charge Capacity Charge (ABB NAM Reference Case) 200 200 Capacity Market Price ($/kW-year) Regional Network Services ($/kW- 150 150 year) 100 100 50 50 0 0 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 Year Year ABB NAM Reference Case, https://new.abb.com/enterprise-software/energy-portfolio-management October 25, 2018 Slide 14 SANDIA Report, “Green Mountain Power (GMP): Significant Revenues from Energy Storage”, SAND2017 -6164, May 2017.
— Radial Feeder Microgrid Business Case
— Radial Feeder Business Case – Problem Definition Location: Long radial feeders with geographic restrictions Distribution Utility Challenges Power System Assumptions Peak demand exceeds the substation capacity in 5 years. • Load 8 MWp, 5.5 MW avg, 1% growth rate Substation 8.5 MW Capacity The capacity upgrade is required to manage the load growth. • Solar PV 800 kWp The utility pays the peak demand charges to ISO/RTO. Utility Rate 0.12 USD/kWh (50% grid fee), 2% inflation rate • SAIDI 420 minutes per customer per year The reliability performance is below the target and utility pays • SAIFI 3 times per customer per year the penalty. Reliability 125 kUSD-Year as a Penalty/ Reward, 2% inflation Impact rate The utility is facing increased O&M cost for voltage issues by • Demand 100 USD/kW-Year as transmission charge, 12 solar PV Charge USD/kW-Month as a capacity charge, 2% growth rate System O&M 425 kUSD, including extra maintenance for VRs. Cost October 25, 2018 Slide 16
— Radial Feeder Business Case - Scenarios These scenarios manage the demand growth, but Microgrids have multiple revenue streams. Distribution Capacity Upgrade Scenario Microgrid Solutions Scenario ABB Microgrid Plus Control System Solar PV Aggregated Solar PV Aggregated Circuit Load Circuit Load Breaker Breaker Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Substation Substation Regulator Regulator Regulator Regulator ABB Ability PowerStore TM October 25, 2018 Slide 17
— Scenario 1: Distribution Capacity Upgrade Qualitative description Distribution Distribution utility pays the investment for capacity upgrades. This covers the load growth during the 1 Capacity project duration considering the lead time. Upgrade 2 Peak Demand Distribution utility pays for the capacity charge and transmission charge related to the peak demand. 3 Reliability Distribution utility pays the penalty for low reliability performance. Voltage 4 The operation and maintenance cost is increased due to the voltage issues occurred by PV integration. Regulation October 25, 2018 Slide 18
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