Abatement of emissions from small combustion installations, fuelled - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Abatement of emissions from small combustion installations, fuelled with solid fuels dust and associated pollutants Silesian Universtity of Technology Andrzej Szlęk Institute of Thermal Technology Robert Kubica, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Process Design

• Introduction • Sources of emission • Coal combustion process overview • How to improve boilers construction • Conclusions

1/5 Introduction We all have the right to breathe a clean air

Curernt situation is bad www.nowiny.gliwice.pl www.24gliwice.pl

Diagnosis – air quality www.powietrze.malopolska.pl • Ambient air concentrations are monitored Exceedances of limit values – observed and measured (mg/m 3 • n ), suggested WHO limit values as low as 20 (mg/m 3 n )

Diagnosis – air quality www.eea.europa.eu/ Hot-spots: • Poland Krakow, Silesia, • Czech Republic; Moravia- Silesia, Usti, Olomouc, Zlin, Brno, and Central Bohemia • Slovakia; Zilina, Kraj Zilinsky, Bratislava • Italy: Po valey www.eea.europa.eu/

2/5 Sources of emission

Diagnosis – major sources of emission • Residential sector has highest signifficance 100% 90% 80% 70% Balance distribution, % 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% CO NMVOCs NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 PAHs Other sources Agricultural Waste menagement Other transport Road transport Solvent use Fossil fuel extraction Industry Energy use in industry Residential and communal Energy production

Diagnosis – major sources of emission Source: K.Kubica http://www.kobize.pl/materialy/Inwentaryzacje _krajowe/2013/IIR%20_Poland_2013.pdf Udział największych sektorów w emisji PCDD/F w roku 2012 PCDDFs 06. Zastosowanie Solvent use rozpuszczalników i Residential 2,37% innych produktów 02. Procesy spalania 49,36% 2,37% poza przemysłem 49,36% 01. Procesy spalania Energy w sektorze produkcji i production transformacji energii; 4,95% 4,95% PM10 B(a)P Industry 04. Procesy 6,22% produkcyjne 11. Inne źródła emisji 6,22% i pochłaniania 09. Other sources Waste zanieczyszczeń Zagospodarowanie 14,92% 14,92% menagement odpadów 7,20% 7,20% 03. Procesy spalania Energy use in w przemyśle industry 14,64% 14,64% PCBs Energy use in industry 1,99% Residential 61,31% Industry 4,30% Source: based on KOBIZE, National Centre for Emission Balancing and Management http://www.iee.org.pl/ Road transport 13,95% Energy production 18,30%

Diagnosis – major sources of emission Solid fuel boilers sales, and sales structure in Poland >50% outdated, inefficent, „smokers” (manually fuelled) Signifficant improvement potential!

3/5 Coal combustion process

Solid fuel combustion H2O VOC, SO2, CH, CO2 CO2, CO

Typical organization of combustion

How combustion should be organized O2    pal O2

4/5 How to improve boilers

Emission abatement measures Environmental performance Best practice Combustion technique Abatement option Fuel quality Air distribution/staging Electrostatic precipitators Partial load Process control Fabric filters Maintenance Catalyst afterburners High efficient cyclones* • How to tackle/ solve the problem of PM emission

Measures – fuel quality http://gazetacodzienna.pl/node/97866 http://www.kapost.pl/oferta/ wegiel/wegiel-tauron-wydobycie/ekogroszek-jaret/ LHV, MJ/kg 10 28 Grain size, mm 0-1 5-25 Ash, % 30 6 Moisture, % 40 10

Measures – fuel quality 70 60 TSP emission, mg/mu 3 @ 10% O2 50 40 30 20 350 10 600 300 0 TSP emisision, mg/m u 3 @ 10% O 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Fuel ash contents, % 250 500 SO 2 emission, mg/mu 3 @ 10% O2 200 400 150 300 100 200 50 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Wood moisture contetns, % 0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 Source: Hans Hartmann Technology and Support -100 Centre of Renewable Raw Materials (TFZ) , Fuel sulphur contents , %

Primary measures – combustion technique Primary measures – limitting cause not the outcomes Advantages – cost effectiveness automatic coal smoker boiler BAT (manually fuelled) http://czysteogrzewanie.pl/kociol/elektryczny- https://foxhurt.pl/kociol-5-klasy- kijek-zamiast-siekierki/ z-podajnikiem-defro-sigma-24kw-do-290-m2

Measures – advanced control systems • O 2 probes, Lambda control Application of an advanced control system • CO probes • Flue temperature control • Room and ambnient air temperature control • PID controllers www.kotlomania.wordpress.com • Fuzzy logic controllers • Draft control www.kutzner-weber.de

Measures – ultra-low emission applainces • Almost „zero emission ” emerging technologies ( tripple combustion chamber, fuel gasification ) • Imprvement potential B est A vailable T echniques ( BAT ) - PuroWIN, Source: WINDHAGER, http://www.windhager.com/int_en/ mg/m 3 , @10% O 2 , TL=part load, NL=nominal load

Measures – BAT applainces Imprvement potential B est A vailable T echniques ( BAT ) Top 10, automatic coal boilers 180 96 Emssion of pollutants, mg/m 3 160 94 140 92 120 Energy efficiency, % 90 100 88 80 86 60 84 Class 5 ecodesign 40 82 20 0 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 CO OGC/10 TSP/10 Energy efficiency, %

Measures – BAT applainces Imprvement potential B est A vailable T echniques ( BAT ) Top 10, automatic biogenic fuel boilers 180 96 Emssion of pollutants, mg/m+ 160 94 140 92 120 Energy efficiency, % 90 100 88 80 86 60 Class 5 ecodesign 84 40 82 20 0 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 CO OGC/10 TSP/10 Energy efficiency, %

Secondar measures – flue cleaning Source: RUFTEC Gmbh, www.ruftec.com

Secondar measures – flue cleaning The ElectroStatic Precipitator ESP technology • Average total dust precipitation efficiencies of 50 to 90% can be achieved. The particle precipitation efficiency strongly depends on the fuel used and the combustion technology (old/new system). • PM concentration in the flue gases <<20 mg/m 3 • When combined with Class 5 appliance 4-8 mg/m 3 • Low electrocity consumption ~ 20Wh in operation mode < 1Wh in stand-by mode • Automatic deashing, limitting maintenance • Unit price ranging between 2000-3000 PLN (500-800 Euro/piece) • Possible retrofitting

Summary • The Best Available Techniques of combustion installation below 500kW ( BATs ), commercially available, guarantee performance at the lowest required ELVs relevant for dust emission. • The use of certified fuels is required – appropriate quality of coal and biomass. • Reaching the lowest ELVs by non BATs new appliances, and existing systems requires secondary abatement measures – dedusting apparatus. • Highest performance is deliverd by fabric filters and electrostatic precipitators , however the latest offer ease of use and maintenance as well as low operating costs . • It is not difficult to built low emission boiler, it is challenge to built it cheap enough.

5/5 Conclusions

Tahnk you for your attention