MAGIC inauguration October 10, 2003, La Palma A vision of the future of HE, VHE Gamma Ray Astronomy tadashi kifune (shinshu/ cangaroo) � Ｃｏｎｇｒａｔｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｃｏｎｇｒａｔｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ for for the inauguration of the inauguration of � the MAGIC telescope ! the MAGIC telescope ! � fun and pleasure to dream about a magical world. fun and pleasure to dream about a magical world. � � “ “ Vision Vision” ” needs to be presented in a logical needs to be presented in a logical � way based on : way based on : the present status, the present status, 1 1 instrumentation and and science in the future science in the future instrumentation
A decade of years, A decade of years, since TeV TeV window was opened. window was opened. since Υ ray astronomy Υ ray astronomy proposed proposed By Hayakawa, By Hayakawa, Morrison.. Morrison.. TeV attempt TeV attempt Break Break Chudakov, , Chudakov through through 2 2 , 。。。 。。。 Porter, Porter by imaging by imaging
TeV γ γ - -ray sources ray sources TeV Type Type Pulsar nebulae 2 1 1 Pulsar nebulae 2 1 1 SNR 3 SNR 3 more to join… ….. .. more to join X- - ray binaries ray binaries 1? X 1? UnID 1 UnID 1 Others 2 ( GC GC… …) ) Others 2 ( Blazars 4 1 2 Blazars 4 1 2 galaxies 1 (NGC253) 1(M87) galaxies 1 1(M87) (NGC253) GRB 1 GRB 1 3 3 Total 6 7 About 10 Total 6 7 About 10
Good telescope is generally very expensive, and would be too unrealistic, ……, however, Euro Scientific Yen outcome Not care Dollar ? Gedanken experiment is free, and “ultimate case” of “complete calorimeter” is useful to get a broad vision. e,.g. collection area = detection area (20m) 2 X 30 = (100m) 2 : not ridiculous 4 4
I heard from Trevor, Tr Trü ümper mper said said I heard from Trevor, “ The total energy of The total energy of “ all the X X- - ray ray photons photons all the so far observed by ROSAT so far observed by ROSAT corresponds to corresponds to one TeV TeV photon photon” ” . . one To be energetic is something valuable… …. . To be energetic is something valuable “ erg/ Joule is a jewel ! erg/ Joule is a jewel ! ” ” “ 5 5
Thoughts coming up, Thoughts coming up, about the value of being energetic? about the value of being energetic? TeV γ γ - � TeV - rays are, as a fact, very energetic rays are, as a fact, very energetic � events. events. � X X- - ray photons are numerous: Statistics of ray photons are numerous: Statistics of � TeV γ γ - - rays is poor. rays is poor. TeV 12 eV 9 X 10 12 = 10 9 10 3 3 eV � 10 eV = 10 X 10 eV � similarly, similarly, 20 eV 8 X 10 20 = 10 8 10 12 12 eV � 10 eV = 10 X 10 eV � 8 photons at Do we have to collect 10 8 photons at TeV TeV to keep up with to keep up with Do we have to collect 10 � � ? eV cosmic rays ? 10 20 20 eV cosmic rays 10 6 6
Radio, x- -rays rays --------------------- --------------------- NS, BH, 2.7K NS, BH, 2.7K…… …… Radio, x Energetic. enigmatic phenomena Energetic. enigmatic phenomena that γ γ - that - ray observation looked for ray observation looked for are not successful in retrospect are not successful in retrospect γ - No γ � No - rays from matter rays from matter- - antimatter annihilation antimatter annihilation � γ - burst γ � No No microsec microsec burst - rays from primordial black rays from primordial black � holes holes � GRB: but not yet in GRB: but not yet in TeV TeV region, and region, and � no essencial essencial contribution beyond contribution beyond GeV GeV no � Cyg Cyg X X- - 3 (anomalous interaction?) 3 (anomalous interaction?) � dissapeared…… …… dissapeared � Origin of cosmic rays ? Origin of cosmic rays ? � � Dark matter ? Dark matter ? � � vacuum modification due to quantum gravity ?? vacuum modification due to quantum gravity ?? � 7 7 20 eV cosmic rays ?? � Top down Top down scenerio scenerio of 10 of 10 20 eV cosmic rays ?? �
Statistics: number of photons Statistics: number of photons so far detected in TeV TeV energy energy so far detected in 9 = 10 ≈ 10 ≈ 5 · 4 � N N x 10 9 = 10 5 · 10 10 4 : X X- - rays rays : � x 4 = 10 TeV ≈ ≈ 10 TeV γ γ s 3 · 10 4 = 10 3 N TeV · 10 10 : : TeV N s Number of sources 1 · Ω T : S Ω - 1 � N (> E) N (> E) ~ ~ E E - · S T : E E 2 2 dN/ dE= constant dN/ dE= constant � Nx = = (Ex/ · ( 9 10 4 = 10 ) · 4 m 2 / 1m 2 ) = 10 - 9 - 5 5 N/ / Nx (Ex/ E E) ( 10 10 4 m 2 / 1m 2 ) = 10 - 10 4 = 10 - N Roughly explained Roughly explained 8 8
Crab nebula(unpulsed nebula(unpulsed) is the standard source for calibration, ) is the standard source for calibration, Crab but not the standard to represent the other TeV TeV sources sources but not the standard to represent the other SSC Model OK! Max. acceleration the sole SNR/ plerion plerion : : the sole SNR/ energy ? “ complete complete” ” multi wavelength multi wavelength “ ~20 TeV or >100 TeV Spectrum Spectrum 9 9 With definite flux in any band. With definite flux in any band.
Consideration in a broad band 10 6 sources 10 12 1000km Statistics, Area number of Scientific Impact?? sources S (m 2 ) Not to be optimistic! ~1 sources 10 8 10km 10 9 photons IACT 10 4 100m 10 3 Glast 1 photons 10 0 Rosat keV MeV GeV TeV PeV EeV ZeV 10 10
Results from Ten thousands TeV TeV photons photons Results from Ten thousands implies we need more sources! more sources! implies we need � six six blazars blazars � • How peculiar/ standard they are? How peculiar/ standard they are? • � in comparison with in comparison with GeV GeV blazars blazars � � three three SNRs SNRs (+ (+ PSRs PSRs) ) : : against 100 ≈ 10 against 100 ≈ 4~ 5 yrs 10 4~ 5 yrs/ 50yrs / 50yrs � • How peculiar/ standard they are? How peculiar/ standard they are? • 15 eV? � E E acc up to 10 15 eV? acc up to 10 � � two galaxies two galaxies � • How peculiar/ standard the Galactic How peculiar/ standard the Galactic CRs CRs • are? are? � Disk emission? Disk emission? � � Normal galaxies by deeper observation Normal galaxies by deeper observation � • γ γ - - ray observation extends CR physics to ray observation extends CR physics to • extragalactic space extragalactic space 11 11
γ - directions that HE and VHE γ -ray ray directions that HE and VHE astronomy will take in future astronomy will take in future Variety of possibilities, corresponding to various kinds of corresponding to various kinds of TeV TeV Variety of possibilities, sources and depending on their phenomena in interest. sources and depending on their phenomena in interest. It seems natural to go to lower energy region It seems natural to go to lower energy region with larger dishes with larger dishes Sub 100GeV ~ 1 TeV TeV region region Sub 100GeV ~ 1 10~ 100 sources for systematic study of SNRs SNRs, , blazars blazars , ,… …. . 10~ 100 sources for systematic study of γ ray sources more, new types of γ discovery of more, new types of ray sources discovery of However, the current efforts satisfying?--- --- stereo & big dish: stereo & big dish: However, the current efforts satisfying? � � Let us not give up 10TeV ~ 100TeV region Let us not give up 10TeV ~ 100TeV region � � origin of cosmic rays : maximum acceleration energy? : maximum acceleration energy? origin of cosmic rays blazars : absorption by IR background radiation : absorption by IR background radiation blazars 12 12
“temporal conclusion” E 2 dN/dE with a claim for “jewel of enigma” TeV sources Our counter part E acc , collision with IR photons X-ray sources To collect more samples of known sources, to improve accuracy/resolution, and to discover new kinds of objects １０ ３ eV 10 12 eV 10 20 eV 13 13
direction (1) towards sub- -100 100 GeV GeV ? ? direction (1) towards sub � more (weak) sources more (weak) sources : : � γ increases with decreasing energy N γ increases with decreasing energy N 4 m 2 , with a constant detection area S = 10 4 m 2 , with a constant detection area S = 10 providing a good sensitivity. providing a good sensitivity. or further drastic improvement, Ω Ω ! ( F or further drastic improvement, ! ( like GLAST ) F like GLAST ) or multiple telescopes > 10 ? or multiple telescopes > 10 ? � comparison with comparison with GeV GeV phenomena(Glast phenomena(Glast )? )? � --- for sharp difference, electrons? for sharp difference, electrons? --- (proton spectrum is featureless) (proton spectrum is featureless) anti- - counter and counter and “ “ MAGIC technique MAGIC technique” ” anti 14 14
Detection area , energy and dish size 10 9 Ｓ ＝ 1m 2 • （ E / 1 keV ) Wider FOV (3km) 2 Ω : 1 msr to 1 sr 10 7 detection area S (m 2 ) (300m) 2 =10 5 m 2 IACT (100m) 2 =10 4 m 2 10 4 larger dish energy 10GeV 1TeV 100TeV E GLAST 15 15
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