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A Technique for Network Topology Deception Samuel Trassare, Robert Beverly, David Alderson Naval Postgraduate School {sttrassa,rbeverly,dladers}@nps.edu June 18, 2013 NPS Topology Meeting S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network

  1. A Technique for Network Topology Deception Samuel Trassare, Robert Beverly, David Alderson Naval Postgraduate School {sttrassa,rbeverly,dladers}@nps.edu June 18, 2013 NPS Topology Meeting S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 1 / 23

  2. Background Outline Background 1 Methodology 2 Results 3 Discussion 4 S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 2 / 23

  3. Background traceroute Active Network Topology Measurement traceroute and its variants source active TTL-limited probes to infer (remote) network connectivity and structure. traceroute reports hops along a forward path based on the source IP address of received ICMP TTL time exceeded packets. Useful diagnostic tool, invaluable to network topology researchers. Recall: traceroute is a happy hack (thanks Van Jacobson!). Internet never intended to be mapped. S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 3 / 23

  4. Background traceroute in Practice Real-world traceroute : For security, policy, and economic reasons, many providers actively prevent traceroute measurement Many routers do not respond with ICMP when TTL expires Many routers block ICMP In real-world traces, only ≤ 15% of random traces complete. S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 4 / 23

  5. Background traceroute in Practice Real-world traceroute : Long history of bad topology inferences by researchers e.g. false links, missing links, etc. “ What are our standards for validation of measurement-based networking research? ” (Krishnamurthy, Willinger) “ Mathematics and the Internet: A source of enormous confusion and great potential ” (Willinger, Alderson, Doyle) Implication: criticism of active traceroute -based topology measurement with respect to accuracy of inferred network(s). S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 5 / 23

  6. Background Network Topology Deception Fooling Traceroute Our insight: the inherent measurement weaknesses of traceroute provide an opportunity The same measurement weaknesses imply that it is easy (trivial) to fool a remote traceroute There is value to fooling traceroute We introduce a new sub-field: Network Topology Deception S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 6 / 23

  7. Background Defending a Network Other ways traceroute is used: Of course, network probing is not limited to innocuous measurement researchers Networks are frequently and regularly probed for vulnerabilities Mapping potentially reveals critical details of a network’s connectivity traceroute used as a reconnaissance tool to understand which links/routers to target for attack to partition network S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 7 / 23

  8. Background Military Deception Deception in Cyberspace Leverage concept of military deception for cyberspace: Manipulate network traffic to deceive adversary and influence his/her decision making. Cause adversary to attack false targets, dilute attack, etc. May be preferable to outright blocking (“that must be an interesting target...”) Analogy with deceptive radar returns in meatspace. S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 8 / 23

  9. Methodology Outline Background 1 Methodology 2 Results 3 Discussion 4 S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 9 / 23

  10. Methodology Topology Deception Sardine: Topology Deception Rather than block topology probes, return modified responses that cause adversary to infer a false topology: Continuum: random vs. crafted responses Graph theory: make weakest portion of topology appear to be most robust Keep adversary in collection rather than operational phase. Confuse adversary into believing least resilient portion of network is most robust. S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 10 / 23

  11. Methodology Topology Deception Sardine: Topology Deception Deception may be arbitrary We choose one exemplar utility function, minimizing the maximum betweenness centrality Analysis Script: Config File Linux Deception True Topology Minimize maximum Kernel Module centrality S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 11 / 23

  12. Methodology Sardine Example Attacker Attacker R1 R1 R2 R12 R13 R10 R11 R3 H1 H2 H1 H2 Faked Topology, False Links, Missing Links True Topology, Vulnerable Links S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 12 / 23

  13. Methodology Development Prototype: Linux-based router using libnetfilter_queue Runs as a kernel module Configurable per-TTL hops Configurable ICMP port unreachable (path length) Deterministic delay component Fake packets we originate sourced with a TTL corresponding to incoming TTL S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 13 / 23

  14. Results Outline Background 1 Methodology 2 Results 3 Discussion 4 S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 14 / 23

  15. Results Topology Deception Candidate test topology in our lab (using GNS3) S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 15 / 23

  16. Results True Topology traceroute to 192.168.5.2 (192.168.5.2), 30 hops 1 192.168.9.1 1.280 ms (R1) 2 192.168.0.2 3.966 ms (Intelligent Router) 3 192.168.1.2 5.997 ms (R2) 4 192.168.2.2 10.097 ms (R3) 5 192.168.3.2 12.135 ms (R4) 6 192.168.4.2 14.330 ms (R5) 7 192.168.5.2 16.109 ms (Web Server) S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 16 / 23

  17. Results Random Topology traceroute to 192.168.5.2 (192.168.5.2), 30 hops 1 192.168.9.1 1.039 ms 2 132.65.218.87 3.996 ms 3 240.184.140.169 3.935 ms 4 247.10.122.16 4.178 ms 5 153.55.189.76 3.956 ms 6 255.253.22.13 4.126 ms 7 112.52.193.63 3.942 ms 8 213.218.8.151 2.829 ms ... S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 17 / 23

  18. Results Deceptive Topology traceroute to 192.168.5.2 (192.168.5.2), 30 hops 1 192.168.9.1 2.478 ms (R1) 2 192.168.0.2 15.078 ms (Intelligent Router) 3 192.168.4.2 22.520 ms (R5) 4 192.168.5.2 32.739 ms (Web Server) S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 18 / 23

  19. Discussion Outline Background 1 Methodology 2 Results 3 Discussion 4 S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 19 / 23

  20. Discussion Does Topology Deception Already Exist? Relatively simple to perform topology deception Current mapping systems could be influenced by fake topology Only prior work we are aware of used virtual forwarding tables (VRFs) on a single router to encode a message in DNS PTR records Fundamentally different – packets are actually being forwarded S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 20 / 23

  21. Discussion Prior Art? VRF-Based DNS Tricks traceroute to 216.81.59.173 (216.81.59.173), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 13 Episode.IV (206.214.251.1) 65.780 ms 67.914 ms 68.976 ms 14 A.NEW.HOPE (206.214.251.6) 66.577 ms 62.461 ms 65.629 ms 15 It.is.a.period.of.civil.war (206.214.251.9) 63.648 ms 64.774 ms 66.707 ms 16 Rebel.spaceships (206.214.251.14) 65.418 ms 62.541 ms 62.739 ms 17 striking.from.a.hidden.base (206.214.251.17) 63.203 ms 63.160 ms 62.312 ms 18 have.won.their.first.victory (206.214.251.22) 62.553 ms 63.069 ms 63.364 ms 19 against.the.evil.Galactic.Empire (206.214.251.25) 63.543 ms 63.404 ms 62.960 ms 20 During.the.battle (206.214.251.30) 62.878 ms 62.742 ms 63.378 ms 21 Rebel.spies.managed (206.214.251.33) 62.808 ms 62.351 ms 62.075 ms 22 to.steal.secret.plans (206.214.251.38) 62.829 ms 63.266 ms 63.256 ms 23 to.the.Empires.ultimate.weapon (206.214.251.41) 63.585 ms 63.652 ms 63.671 ms 24 the.DEATH.STAR (206.214.251.46) 63.002 ms 63.124 ms 63.120 ms 25 an.armored.space.station (206.214.251.49) 63.095 ms 62.905 ms 65.614 ms 26 with.enough.power.to (206.214.251.54) 65.654 ms 63.630 ms 64.248 ms 27 destroy.an.entire.planet (206.214.251.57) 66.392 ms 66.425 ms 63.759 ms 28 Pursued.by.the.Empires (206.214.251.62) 63.874 ms 65.473 ms 64.433 ms 29 sinister.agents (206.214.251.65) 63.987 ms 63.978 ms 64.188 ms 30 Princess.Leia.races.home (206.214.251.70) 64.206 ms 64.750 ms 64.826 ms S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 21 / 23

  22. Discussion Current Status Work in Progress: MILCOM paper in submission Change deception granularity to be configurable on a per source and destination prefix Exploring potential deployment in OpenFlow/SDN S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 22 / 23

  23. Discussion Future Work Future Work: Maintain consistency with multiple network ingresses Faking load-balancing Realistic latency distribution Supporting UDP and TCP-based traceroute Preventing detection of deception Applicability to DARPA’s “moving target defense” strategy? Thanks! Questions? S. Trassare et al. (NPS) A Technique for Network Topology Deception NPS Topo Mtg 23 / 23

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